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(Brown) Tj
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(, 366 U.S. 599, 606 \(1961\). ) Tj
(Our nation recognizes and) Tj
0 -14.2 Td
1.77 Tw
(protects the expression of a great range of religious beliefs.) Tj
0 -14.2 Td
.75 Tw
(Nevertheless, respecting religious credos is one thing; requir-) Tj
0 -14.2 Td
1.73 Tw
(ing the government to change its conduct to avoid any per-) Tj
0 -14.2 Td
1.5 Tw
(ceived slight to them is quite another. No matter how much) Tj
0 -14.2 Td
.86 Tw
(we might wish the government to conform its conduct to our) Tj
0 -14.2 Td
.9 Tw
(religious preferences, act in ways that do not offend our reli-) Tj
0 -14.2 Td
.36 Tw
(gious sensibilities, and take no action that decreases our spiri-) Tj
0 -14.2 Td
.94 Tw
(tual fulfillment, no governmentlet alone a government that) Tj
0 -14.2 Td
1.67 Tw
(presides over a nation with as many religions as the United) Tj
0 -14.2 Td
1.03 Tw
(States of Americacould function were it required to do so.) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -14.2 Td
.55 Tw
(Lyng v. Nw. Indian Cemetery Protective Ass'n) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 485 U.S. 439,) Tj
0 -14.2 Td
1.2 Tw
(452 \(1988\).) Tj
( ) Tj
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156 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(10042) Tj
94.1037 0 Td
(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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(I.) Tj
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( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(Factual and Procedural Background) Tj
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/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
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(3) Tj
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(The Snowbowl ski area \() Tj
(the Snowbowl) Tj
(\) is located on) Tj
-12 -13.3 Td
.93 Tw
(federally owned public land and operates under a special use) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
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(permit issued by the United States Forest Service \() Tj
(the Forest) Tj
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(Service) Tj
(\). ) Tj
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(Navajo Nation v. U.S. Forest Serv.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 408 F. Supp.) Tj
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(2d 866, 883-84 \(D. Ariz. 2006\). Specifically, the Snowbowl) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.83 Tw
(is situated on Humphrey's Peak, the highest of the San Fran-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
5.04 Tw
(cisco Peaks \() Tj
(the Peaks) Tj
(\), located within the Coconino) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
2.77 Tw
(National Forest in Northern Arizona. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( at 869, 883. The) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
2.03 Tw
(Peaks cover about 74,000 acres. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( at 883. The Snowbowl) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.87 Tw
(sits on 777 acres, or approximately one percent of the Peaks.) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.2 Td
1.2 Tw
(Id. ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(at 883-84. ) Tj
12 -26.2 Td
2.08 Tw
(The Forest Service designated the Snowbowl as a public) Tj
-12 -13.2 Td
.34 Tw
(recreation facility after finding the Snowbowl ) Tj
(represented an) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1 Tw
(opportunity for the general public to access and enjoy public) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.67 Tw
(lands in a manner that the Forest Service could not otherwise) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.27 Tw
(offer in the form of a major facility anywhere in Arizona.) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.2 Td
.9 Tw
(at 884. The Snowbowl has been in operation since the 1930s) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
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(and is the only downhill ski area within the Coconino) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.2 Tw
(National Forest.) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(4) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -26.2 Td
.14 Tw
(The Peaks have long-standing religious and cultural signifi-) Tj
-12 -13.2 Td
.97 Tw
(cance to Indian tribes. The tribes believe the Peaks are a liv-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.03 Tw
(ing entity. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( at 887. They conduct religious ceremonies, such) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.11 Tw
(as the Navajo Blessingway Ceremony, on the Peaks. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( The) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -26 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.45 Tw
(3) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(We find no clear error in the district court's findings of fact, so our) Tj
-10 -11.2 Td
1.31 Tw
(statement of the facts is based on the district court opinion. The dissent) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.43 Tw
(cursorily asserts that ) Tj
(the majority misstates the evidence below,) Tj
( Dissent) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.71 Tw
(at 10077, but fails to cite any fact in the opinion that it claims to be mis-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1 Tw
(stated, or as to which the district court erred in its findings of fact. ) Tj
10 -14 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.8 Tw
(4) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(In addition to downhill skiing, many other activities are conducted on) Tj
-10 -11.2 Td
.25 Tw
(the Peaks: sheep and cattle grazing, timber harvesting, road building, min-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.68 Tw
(ing, motorcross, mountain biking, horseback riding, hiking, and camping.) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
0 -11.2 Td
.34 Tw
(Navajo Nation) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 408 F. Supp. 2d at 884. Further, gas and electric transmis-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.2 Tw
(sion lines, water pipelines, and cellular towers are located on the Peaks.) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
0 -11.2 Td
1 Tw
(Id. ) Tj
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(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
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(tribes also collect plants, water, and other materials from the) Tj
0 -14 Td
.08 Tw
(Peaks for medicinal bundles and tribal healing ceremonies. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -14 Td
1.18 Tw
(According to the tribes, the presence of the Snowbowl dese-) Tj
0 -13.9 Td
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(crates for them the spirituality of the Peaks. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( Certain Indian) Tj
0 -13.9 Td
.16 Tw
(religious practitioners believe the desecration of the Peaks has) Tj
0 -13.9 Td
.66 Tw
(caused many disasters, including the September 11, 2001 ter-) Tj
0 -13.9 Td
4.61 Tw
(rorist attacks, the Columbia Space Shuttle accident, and) Tj
0 -13.9 Td
1.2 Tw
(increases in natural disasters. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -27.6 Td
.53 Tw
(This case is not the first time Indian tribes have challenged) Tj
-12 -13.9 Td
.25 Tw
(the operation of the Snowbowl. In 1981, before the enactment) Tj
0 -13.9 Td
2.16 Tw
(of RFRA, the tribes brought a challenge to the Forest Ser-) Tj
0 -13.9 Td
2.07 Tw
(vice's approval of a number of upgrades to the Snowbowl,) Tj
0 -13.9 Td
2.03 Tw
(including the installation of new lifts, slopes, and facilities.) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.9 Td
.14 Tw
(See Wilson v. Block) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 708 F.2d 735, 739 \(D.C. Cir. 1983\).) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(5) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( The) Tj
0 -13.9 Td
2.04 Tw
(tribes asserted that the approved upgrades would ) Tj
(seriously) Tj
0 -13.9 Td
1.07 Tw
(impair their ability to pray and conduct ceremonies upon the) Tj
0 -13.9 Td
.63 Tw
(Peaks) Tj
( and to gather from the Peaks sacred objects necessary) Tj
0 -13.9 Td
.4 Tw
(to their religious practices. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id. ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(at 740. According to the tribes,) Tj
0 -13.9 Td
1 Tw
(this constituted an unconstitutional burden on the exercise of) Tj
0 -13.9 Td
3.3 Tw
(their religion under the Free Exercise Clause of the First) Tj
0 -13.9 Td
1.2 Tw
(Amendment. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -27.6 Td
.63 Tw
(The D.C. Circuit ) Tj
(in ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Wilson ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(rejected the Indian tribes' chal-) Tj
-12 -13.9 Td
.37 Tw
(lenge to the upgrades. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( at 739-45. Although the court noted) Tj
0 -13.9 Td
.58 Tw
(that the proposed upgrades would cause the Indians ) Tj
(spiritual) Tj
0 -13.9 Td
.81 Tw
(disquiet,) Tj
( the upgrades did not impose a sufficient burden on) Tj
0 -13.9 Td
.5 Tw
(the exercise of their religion: ) Tj
(Many government actions may) Tj
0 -13.9 Td
.07 Tw
(offend religious believers, and may cast doubt upon the verac-) Tj
0 -13.9 Td
.77 Tw
(ity of religious beliefs, but unless such actions penalize faith,) Tj
0 -13.9 Td
.83 Tw
(they do not burden religion.) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( at 741-42. The Indian tribes) Tj
0 -13.9 Td
2.32 Tw
(have continued to conduct religious activities on the Peaks) Tj
0 -13.9 Td
1.2 Tw
(ever since. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Navajo Nation) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 408 F. Supp. 2d at 884. ) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -27.3 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.03 Tw
(5) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(At the time ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Wilson ) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(was decided, artificial snow from recycled waste-) Tj
-10 -11.7 Td
1 Tw
(water was not used on the Snowbowl and was thus not at issue. ) Tj
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(N) Tj
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.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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( v. USFS) Tj
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(With this brief background, we turn to the Plaintiffs' chal-) Tj
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1.8 Tw
(lenge in this case. In 2002, the Snowbowl submitted a pro-) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
2.07 Tw
(posal to the Forest Service to upgrade its operations. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( at) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.12 Tw
(885. The proposal included a request for artificial snowmak-) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.74 Tw
(ing from recycled wastewater for use on the Snowbowl. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.3 Td
.58 Tw
(The Snowbowl had suffered highly variable snowfall for sev-) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.92 Tw
(eral years; this resulted in operating losses that threatened its) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
2.52 Tw
(ski operation. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( at 884-85, 907. Indeed, the district court) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.83 Tw
(found that artificial snowmaking is ) Tj
(needed to maintain the) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.12 Tw
(viability of the Snowbowl as a public recreational resource.) Tj
() Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.2 Td
1.2 Tw
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( at 907. ) Tj
12 -26.3 Td
3.08 Tw
(The recycled wastewater to be used for snowmaking is) Tj
-12 -13.2 Td
2.48 Tw
(classified as ) Tj
(A) Tj
(+) Tj
( by the Arizona Department of Environ-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
2.36 Tw
(mental Quality \() Tj
(ADEQ) Tj
(\).) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(6) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id. ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(at 887. A) Tj
(+) Tj
( recycled waste-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.17 Tw
(water is the highest quality of recycled wastewater recognized) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.4 Tw
(by Arizona law and may be safely and beneficially used for) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.38 Tw
(many purposes, including irrigating school ground landscapes) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.85 Tw
(and food crops. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Ariz. Admin. Code R18-11-309 tbl. A.) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.6 Tw
(Further, the ADEQ has specifically approved the use of recy-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.2 Tw
(cled wastewater for snowmaking. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -26.2 Td
.03 Tw
(In addition to being used to make snow, the recycled waste-) Tj
-12 -13.2 Td
.06 Tw
(water also will be used for fire suppression on the Peaks. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Nav-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
2.26 Tw
(ajo Nation) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 408 F. Supp. 2d at 886. The pipeline that will) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
2.33 Tw
(transport the recycled wastewater to the Snowbowl will be) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.63 Tw
(equipped with fire hydrants to provide water for fire suppres-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.51 Tw
(sion in rural residential areas and to fight forest fires. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( Fur-) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -26 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
2.67 Tw
(6) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(The recycled wastewater that will be used at the Snowbowl ) Tj
(will) Tj
-10 -11.2 Td
.08 Tw
(undergo specific advanced treatment requirements, including tertiary treat-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.66 Tw
(ment with disinfection. In addition, the reclaimed water will comply with) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.5 Tw
(specific monitoring requirements, including frequent microbiological test-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.27 Tw
(ing to assure pathogens are removed, and reporting requirements.) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Navajo) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
2.11 Tw
(Nation) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 408 F. Supp. 2d at 887. Further, the recycled wastewater will) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
2.97 Tw
(comply with extensive treatment and monitoring requirements under) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.56 Tw
(three separate permit programs: the Arizona Pollutant Discharge Elimina-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.13 Tw
(tion System \() Tj
(AZPDES) Tj
(\) Permit, the Arizona Aquifer Protection Permit) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1 Tw
(Program, and the Water Reuse Program.) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
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428.5 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
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(N) Tj
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.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(ther, a reservoir of recycled wastewater will be kept on the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(Snowbowl for forest fire suppression. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -26.1 Td
2 Tw
(The Forest Service conducted an extensive review of the) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.66 Tw
(Snowbowl's proposal. As part of its review, the Forest Ser-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.96 Tw
(vice made more than 500 contacts with Indian tribes, includ-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.77 Tw
(ing between 40 and 50 meetings, to determine the potential) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.8 Tw
(impact of the proposal on the tribes.) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(7) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( at 885. In a Decem-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.52 Tw
(ber 2004 Memorandum of Agreement, the Forest Service) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.47 Tw
(committed to, among other things: \(1\) continue to allow the) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.52 Tw
(tribes access to the Peaks, including the Snowbowl, for cul-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.13 Tw
(tural and religious purposes; and \(2\) work with the tribes peri-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.62 Tw
(odically to inspect the conditions of the religious and cultural) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.27 Tw
(sites on the Peaks and ensure the tribes' religious activities on) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.2 Tw
(the Peaks are uninterrupted. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( at 900-01. ) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -26 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
2.36 Tw
(7) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Of course, the impact of the Snowbowl proposal on the American) Tj
-10 -11.2 Td
1.75 Tw
(Indian tribes is not the only factor the Forest Service must consider in) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
2.11 Tw
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0 -11.2 Td
2.03 Tw
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(outdoor recreation,) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
2.96 Tw
(range, timber, watershed, and wildlife and fish purposes.) Tj
( 16 U.S.C.) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
2.03 Tw
() Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.03 Tw
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1.88 Tw
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0 -11.2 Td
1.44 Tw
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0 -11.2 Td
1.08 Tw
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0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.08 Tw
(1531 ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(et seq.) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -11.2 Td
1.17 Tw
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0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.17 Tw
(497b; the) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.05 Tw
(Wilderness Act, 16 U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.05 Tw
(1131 ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(et seq.) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -11.2 Td
.59 Tw
(Yield Act of 1960, 16 U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.59 Tw
(528 ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(et seq. Navajo Nation) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 408 F. Supp.) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1 Tw
(2d at 896. ) Tj
10 -16.2 Td
.78 Tw
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( number of sacred sites) Tj
-10 -11.2 Td
1.94 Tw
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0 -11.2 Td
3.12 Tw
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0 -11.2 Td
.08 Tw
(Indian tribes. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Id. ) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(at 897. The district court found the tribes hold other land-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.11 Tw
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0 -11.2 Td
2.25 Tw
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0 -11.2 Td
3.71 Tw
(shrines, gathering areas, pilgrimage routes, and prehistoric sites. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
0 -11.2 Td
2.28 Tw
(Within the Southwestern Region forest lands alone, there are between) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.23 Tw
(40,000 and 50,000 prehistoric sites. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
( The district court also found the) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.06 Tw
(Navajo and the Hualapai Plaintiffs consider the entire Colorado River to) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.86 Tw
(be sacred. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
( at 897-98. New sacred areas are continuously being recog-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1 Tw
(nized by the Plaintiffs. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
( at 898. ) Tj
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13.1 Td
.32 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id. ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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12 -26 Td
2.5 Tw
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-12 -13.1 Td
2.06 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.88 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
0 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.22 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.46 Tw
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(GCEA) Tj
(\), 16 U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.46 Tw
(228i; and \(6\)) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.96 Tw
(the National Forest Management Act of 1976 \() Tj
(NFMA) Tj
(\), 16) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.78 Tw
(U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.78 Tw
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(8) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( at 871. Following cross-motions) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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0 -13.2 Td
1.38 Tw
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0 -13.2 Td
4.2 Tw
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0 -13.2 Td
1.2 Tw
(RFRA claim. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( at 869, 908. ) Tj
12 -26.1 Td
.43 Tw
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-12 -13.2 Td
2.07 Tw
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0 -13.2 Td
.82 Tw
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0 -13.2 Td
1.93 Tw
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id. ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13.2 Td
1.73 Tw
(that the upgrades did not bar the Plaintiffs' ) Tj
(access, use, or) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
2.52 Tw
(ritual practice on any part of the Peaks.) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( at 905. As a) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.3 Tw
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0 -13.2 Td
3.1 Tw
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0 -13.2 Td
.87 Tw
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( as) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.74 Tw
(required to establish a substantial burden on the exercise of) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.2 Tw
(their religion under RFRA. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -26 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.89 Tw
(8) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(On appeal, the Plaintiffs have abandoned their claims under the ESA,) Tj
-10 -11.2 Td
1.25 Tw
(GCEA, and NFMA, leaving only the RFRA, NEPA, and NHPA claims.) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
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-12 -12.6 Td
2.23 Tw
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0 -12.6 Td
.7 Tw
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0 -12.6 Td
1.81 Tw
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(See Navajo Nation v.) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.26 Tw
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.6 Td
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.6 Td
1.24 Tw
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0 -12.6 Td
1.85 Tw
(to clarify our circuit's interpretation of ) Tj
(substantial burden) Tj
() Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
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/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
85.968 -25.1 Td
(II.) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(Standard of Review) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
-73.968 -25.1 Td
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( the district court's grant of summary) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.41 Tw
(judgment. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Muckleshoot Indian Tribe v. U.S. Forest Serv.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.7 Td
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0 -12.7 Td
2.27 Tw
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.7 Td
2.33 Tw
(findings of fact for clear error. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(Arts, Escondido) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 370 F.3d 837, 843 \(9th Cir. 2004\). ) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
22.35 -25.2 Td
(III.) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
-10.35 -25.2 Td
2.87 Tw
(Plaintiffs contend the use of artificial snow, made from) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
1.04 Tw
(recycled wastewater, on the Snowbowl imposes a substantial) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
0 Tw
(burden on the free exercise of their religion, in violation of the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.65 Tw
(Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 \() Tj
(RFRA) Tj
(\), 42) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.73 Tw
(U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.73 Tw
(2000bb ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(et seq) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. We hold that the Plaintiffs have) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.07 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
1.07 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.07 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
2.41 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.58 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
-.05 Tw
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(substantial burden) Tj
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4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(9) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -25.1 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.33 Tw
(9) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(The Defendants do not contend RFRA is inapplicable to the govern-) Tj
-10 -10.8 Td
.27 Tw
(ment's use and management of its own land, which is at issue in this case.) Tj
0 -10.8 Td
1.45 Tw
(Because this issue was not raised or briefed by the parties, we have no) Tj
0 -10.8 Td
2.74 Tw
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0 -10.8 Td
1.1 Tw
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0 -10.8 Td
1 Tw
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( RFRA was enacted in response to the Supreme Court's) Tj
-12 -13.4 Td
3.75 Tw
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.4 Td
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4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(10) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( In ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13.4 Td
.58 Tw
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(valid and neutral law of gen-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.33 Tw
(eral applicability.) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( at 879 \(citation and internal quotation) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
4.22 Tw
(marks omitted\). Applying that standard, the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Smith ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Court) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.22 Tw
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0 -13.4 Td
2.88 Tw
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0 -13.4 Td
1.58 Tw
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0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(purposes. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( at 890. ) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -26.6 Td
0 Tw
([2]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( Congress found that in ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Smith) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, the ) Tj
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-12 -13.4 Td
2.42 Tw
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0 -13.4 Td
.41 Tw
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0 -13.4 Td
1.88 Tw
(religion.) Tj
( 42 U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.88 Tw
(2000bb\(a\)\(4\). Congress further found) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
3.67 Tw
(that ) Tj
(laws `neutral' toward religion may burden religious) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.85 Tw
(exercise as surely as laws intended to interfere with religious) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.52 Tw
(exercise.) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.52 Tw
(2000bb\(a\)\(2\). With the enactment of RFRA,) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.18 Tw
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0 -13.4 Td
1.03 Tw
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0 -13.4 Td
.4 Tw
(regardless of whether the burden results from a neutral law of) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.45 Tw
(general applicability. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(See id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.45 Tw
(2000bb-1. RFRA states, in rel-) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(evant part:) Tj
22 -26.6 Td
(\(a\) In general) Tj
0 -26.5 Td
0 Tw
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0 -13.3 Td
1.58 Tw
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0 -13.3 Td
.78 Tw
(a rule of general applicability, except as provided in) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(subsection \(b\) of this section. ) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
-12 -26.2 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.71 Tw
(10) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(In ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(City of Boerne v. Flores) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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-10 -11.3 Td
.69 Tw
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0 -11.3 Td
.71 Tw
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0 -11.3 Td
.12 Tw
(Fourteenth Amendment. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Id. ) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(at 532, 536. We have held that RFRA remains) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.93 Tw
(operative as to the federal government. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(See Guam v. Guerrero) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 290 F.3d) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
1 Tw
(1210, 1220-22 \(9th Cir. 2002\). ) Tj
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.79 Tw
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-12 -13.5 Td
.71 Tw
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0 -13.5 Td
.48 Tw
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0 -13.5 Td
2.16 Tw
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0 -13.5 Td
1.17 Tw
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0 -13.5 Td
.91 Tw
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0 -13.5 Td
1.16 Tw
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0 -13.5 Td
2.43 Tw
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0 -13.5 Td
.74 Tw
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( on the free exercise of) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.2 Tw
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/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(12) Tj
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/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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.52 Tw
(12) Tj
0 Ts
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-10 -11.5 Td
2.04 Tw
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/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
0 -11.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(id.) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -11.4 Td
.5 Tw
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0 Tw
( ) Tj
.5 Tw
( ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
( at 10105. We agree with) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.85 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
.14 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
2.36 Tw
(particular mountains, rivers, and trees, which are divine parts of their) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.8 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
1.83 Tw
(this case is not whether a subjective spiritual experience constitutes an) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.19 Tw
(exercise of religion) Tj
( under RFRA. That question is undisputed: The Indi-) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.78 Tw
(ans' religious activities on the Peaks, including the spiritual fulfillment) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
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(they derive from such religious activities, are) Tj
( an ) Tj
(exercise of religion.) Tj
( ) Tj
10 -16.5 Td
1.64 Tw
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-10 -11.4 Td
.21 Tw
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(substantially burdens) Tj
( the exercise of) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.15 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
.39 Tw
(tion of man and mountain into one, the burden of the recycled wastewater) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
2.42 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
.93 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
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(jective spiritual fulfillment does not ) Tj
(substantially burden) Tj
( religion. ) Tj
10 -16.5 Td
.47 Tw
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/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Yoder ) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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-10 -11.4 Td
.83 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
3.35 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
.83 Tw
(attendance law confined to grave interference with important Amish reli-) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.25 Tw
(gious tenets from a ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(subjective) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -11.4 Td
2.26 Tw
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/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(objective) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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( ) Tj
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -27.2 Td
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/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Yoder) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -11.7 Td
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0 -11.6 Td
1.96 Tw
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/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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(Yoder) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -11.6 Td
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(\); ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Yoder) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -11.6 Td
.13 Tw
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0 -11.6 Td
1.5 Tw
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0 -11.6 Td
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.03 Tw
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(\). Likewise,) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.58 Tw
(in ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Sherbert) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, the protected interest was the receipt of unemployment bene-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.35 Tw
(fits and not, as the dissent contends, the right to take religious rest on Sat-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
2.43 Tw
(urday. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(See Sherbert) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 374 U.S. at 410 \() Tj
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0 -11.6 Td
.45 Tw
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0 -11.6 Td
1 Tw
(because of their faith, or lack of it, from receiving the benefits of public) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.21 Tw
(welfare legislation.) Tj
( \(citations and internal quotation marks omitted\)\). The) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
0 -11.6 Td
.72 Tw
(Sherbert ) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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1.58 Tw
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0 -11.6 Td
.32 Tw
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0 -11.6 Td
.06 Tw
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(\). ) Tj
10 -14.3 Td
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/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
2 Tw
(14) Tj
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/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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() Tj
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0 -11.4 Td
.72 Tw
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( ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Lyng ) Tj
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0 -11.4 Td
1.31 Tw
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.23 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
3.26 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
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0 -11.4 Td
1.06 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
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0 -11.4 Td
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/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Lyng) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Lyng ) Tj
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1.76 Tw
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1.28 Tw
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2.66 Tw
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3.32 Tw
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2.38 Tw
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114.8 -26 Td
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-114.8 -26 Td
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1.33 Tw
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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1.66 Tw
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114.8 -26 Td
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-114.8 -26.1 Td
.51 Tw
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( at 1034. The Plaintiffs contend) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(the use of recycled wastewater on the Peaks imposes a ) Tj
(sig-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.03 Tw
(nificantly great restriction or onus) Tj
( on the exercise of their) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(religion. ) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -26.5 Td
2.07 Tw
([11] ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(San Jose Christian College) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
('s statement of the ) Tj
(sub-) Tj
-12 -13.4 Td
2.32 Tw
(stantial burden) Tj
( test does not support the Plaintiffs' RFRA) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.14 Tw
(claims in this case. That ) Tj
(substantial burden) Tj
( means a ) Tj
(signif-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.11 Tw
(icantly great restriction or onus) Tj
( says nothing about what kind) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.41 Tw
(or level of restriction is ) Tj
(significantly great.) Tj
() Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(24) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( Instead, the) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.91 Tw
(substantial burden) Tj
( question must be answered by reference) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -26.1 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.96 Tw
(24) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(The RLUIPA case cited by the dissent, ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Shakur) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 514 F.3d 878, is not) Tj
-10 -11.3 Td
1.18 Tw
(to the contrary. Dissent at 10094, 10099-10101. In ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Shakur) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, we held that) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.15 Tw
(a triable issue of fact existed as to whether prison officials' denial of Halal) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.88 Tw
(meat to Shakur, a Muslim inmate, imposed a ) Tj
(substantial burden) Tj
( on his) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.45 Tw
(religious exercise. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Shakur) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 514 F.3d ) Tj
(at 888-89. The prison offered Kosher) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.44 Tw
(meat meals to Jewish inmates, but denied Halal meat meals to Shakur. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
0 -11.3 Td
1.42 Tw
(at 883, 891. The alternative, vegetarian diet exacerbated Shakur's hiatal) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
1.67 Tw
(hernia and caused excessive gas that ) Tj
(interfere[d] with the ritual purity) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
0 -11.3 Td
.97 Tw
(required) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
( for his Islamic worship.) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
( at 888 \(emphasis added\). Contrary) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.11 Tw
(to the dissent's assertions, Dissent at 10099-10100, both meal choices pro-) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
1.22 Tw
(vided to Shakur in prison were ) Tj
(unacceptable) Tj
( to his religionthe non-) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.63 Tw
(Halal meat meals were forbidden by his religion and the Halal vegetarian) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.75 Tw
(meals interfered with the ritual) Tj
( purity required for his religious activities.) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
0 -11.3 Td
2.58 Tw
(Shakur) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 514 F.3d at 889 \(internal quotation marks omitted\). Like the) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.51 Tw
(Seventh-day Adventist in ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Sherbert) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, who could obtain unemployment ben-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.94 Tw
(efits only by working on Saturdays and thereby violating her religious) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.46 Tw
(tenets, Shakur could have a meal in prison and avoid starvation only if he) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.33 Tw
(violated his religious beliefs. Relying on ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Sherbert) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Thomas) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, we held) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
2.54 Tw
(that there was a triable issue of fact as to whether the prison policy) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.98 Tw
(imposed a substantial burden on Shakur's religious exercise, because the) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.34 Tw
(policy conditioned a governmental benefit to which Shakur was otherwise) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
2.36 Tw
(entitleda meal in prisonupon conduct that would violate Shakur's) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.14 Tw
(religious beliefs. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Id. ) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Thus, ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Shakur) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
( is a straightforward application of the) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
0 -11.2 Td
1.94 Tw
(Sherbert ) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(test and ) Tj
(is consistent with the ) Tj
(substantial burden standard we) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1 Tw
(adopt today.) Tj
( ) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13 Td
2.62 Tw
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(substantial) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.9 Tw
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0 -13 Td
1.16 Tw
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0 -13 Td
1.81 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(the RFRA claim.) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(25) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
23.004 -25.9 Td
(IV.) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(National Environmental Policy Act of 1969) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
-11.004 -26 Td
1.41 Tw
(Plaintiffs contend the district court erred in granting sum-) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
2.25 Tw
(mary judgment to the Defendants on five claims under the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.75 Tw
(National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 \() Tj
(NEPA) Tj
(\), 42) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.76 Tw
(U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.76 Tw
(4321 ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(et seq) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. We adopt the parts of the original) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.47 Tw
(three-judge panel opinion affirming the district court's grant) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.11 Tw
(of summary judgment to the Defendants on the following four) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1 Tw
(NEPA claims: \(1\) the Final Environmental Impact Statement) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -25.8 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.83 Tw
(25) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(As a last resort, the dissent invokes provocative soundbites, accusing) Tj
-10 -11.1 Td
1.36 Tw
(us of ) Tj
(effectively read[ing] American Indians out of RFRA.) Tj
( Dissent at) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
.35 Tw
(10137. The dissent contends ) Tj
(the strength of the Indians' argument in this) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
.53 Tw
(case could be seen more easily by the majority if another religion were at) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
.32 Tw
(issue.) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
( at 10105. In support, the dissent notes the use of artificial snow) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
.52 Tw
(on the Peaks is no different than the government ) Tj
(permitt[ing] only) Tj
( bap-) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
2.77 Tw
(tismal water contaminated with recycled wastewater for Christians or) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
.67 Tw
(permitt[ing] only) Tj
( non-Kosher food for Orthodox Jews. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
( at 10105-06.) Tj
10 -16.1 Td
.55 Tw
(Putting aside the Equal Protection Clause violation that may arise from) Tj
-10 -11.1 Td
1.3 Tw
(a law targeting only Christians or only Jews, ) Tj
(the dissent's examples are) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
1.42 Tw
(clearly distinguishable. When a law ) Tj
(permits only) Tj
( recycled wastewater) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
1.78 Tw
(to carry out baptisms or ) Tj
(permits only) Tj
( non-Kosher food for Orthodox) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
.98 Tw
(Jews, the government compels religious adherents to engage) Tj
( in activities) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
1.47 Tw
(repugnant to their religious beliefs under the penalty of sanctions. Such) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
.48 Tw
(government compulsion is specifically prohibited by the Supreme Court's) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(decision in ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Yoder) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(. A law permitting Indians to use only recycled waste-) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
.67 Tw
(water in their religious or healing ceremonies would likewise constitute a) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
.76 Tw
(substantial burden on their religious exercise. But there is no such law in) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
.5 Tw
(this case. When the government allows the use of recycled wastewater on) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
.05 Tw
(a ski area, it does not compel the Plaintiffs to act contrary to their religious) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
.67 Tw
(tenets. The Plaintiffs remain free to use natural water in their religious or) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
1.52 Tw
(healing ceremonies and otherwise practice their religion using whatever) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
1 Tw
(resources they may choose. ) Tj
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( N) Tj
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(ATION) Tj
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(FEIS) Tj
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0 -13.2 Td
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0 -13.2 Td
2.14 Tw
(cuss and consider the scientific viewpoint of Dr. Paul Tor-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
6.16 Tw
(rence; \(3\) the FEIS failed adequately to consider the) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
2.9 Tw
(environmental impact of diverting the recycled wastewater) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.33 Tw
(from Flagstaff's regional aquifer; and \(4\) the FEIS failed ade-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
3.22 Tw
(quately to consider the social and cultural impacts of the) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.07 Tw
(Snowbowl upgrades on the Hopi people. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(See Navajo Nation) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.2 Tw
(479 F.3d at 1054-59. ) Tj
12 -26.2 Td
2.06 Tw
(The remaining NEPA claim, which is raised only by the) Tj
-12 -13.2 Td
1.77 Tw
(Navajo Plaintiffs, is that the FEIS failed adequately to con-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.84 Tw
(sider the risks posed by human ingestion of artificial snow.) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.5 Tw
(The Navajo Plaintiffs' complaint did not include this NEPA) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.92 Tw
(claim or the factual allegations upon which the claim rests) Tj
(.) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
2.13 Tw
(The Navajo Plaintiffs raised this claim for the first time in) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.36 Tw
(their motion for summary judgment. In their opposition to the) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.5 Tw
(Navajo Plaintiffs' summary judgment motion, the Defendants) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.55 Tw
(contended the Navajo Plaintiffs had failed to raise this NEPA) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
2.32 Tw
(claim in their complaint. In response, the Navajo Plaintiffs) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
2.13 Tw
(moved to amend their complaint to add a distinct and new) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.09 Tw
(NEPA cause of action claiming for the first time that the FEIS) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.13 Tw
(failed to consider the risks posed by human ingestion of artifi-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
3.03 Tw
(cial snow. The district court denied the Navajo Plaintiffs') Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.5 Tw
(motion to amend and did not address this NEPA claim on the) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.63 Tw
(merits. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Navajo Nation) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 408 F. Supp. 2d at 908. The Navajo) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
2.03 Tw
(Plaintiffs failed to appeal the district court's denial of their) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.14 Tw
(motion to amend, and therefore, the district court's denial of) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.2 Tw
(said motion is not before us. ) Tj
12 -26.2 Td
.33 Tw
(Further, on this appeal, the Navajo Plaintiffs do not explain) Tj
-12 -13.2 Td
.25 Tw
(why their complaint is otherwise sufficient to state this NEPA) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
3.55 Tw
(claimdespite the Defendants' assertions that the Navajo) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.77 Tw
(Plaintiffs failed to plead this NEPA claim.) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(26) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( Indeed, the Nav-) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -26 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1 Tw
(26) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(The dissent quotes a sentence from the Navajo Plaintiffs' reply brief) Tj
-10 -11.2 Td
.17 Tw
(that cursorily states this NEPA claim was ) Tj
() Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.17 Tw
(`properly pled') Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.17 Tw
( in the district) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.33 Tw
(court. Dissent at 10130 \(quoting Navajo Reply Br. at 23\). Nevertheless,) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(ajo Plaintiffs concede ) Tj
(the specific allegations at issue were) Tj
0 -13.6 Td
1.17 Tw
(not included) Tj
( in their complaint. Navajo Reply Br. at 23-24.) Tj
0 -13.6 Td
.3 Tw
(Rather, the Navajo Plaintiffs assert this NEPA claim was ade-) Tj
0 -13.6 Td
.7 Tw
(quately presented to the district court because the claim ) Tj
(was) Tj
0 -13.6 Td
1.36 Tw
(briefed at summary judgment by all parties and presented at) Tj
0 -13.6 Td
1 Tw
(oral argument [to the district court].) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( at 24. Nevertheless,) Tj
0 -13.6 Td
1.07 Tw
(our precedents make clear that where, as here, the complaint) Tj
0 -13.6 Td
1.96 Tw
(does not include the necessary factual allegations to state a) Tj
0 -13.6 Td
1.7 Tw
(claim, raising such claim in a summary judgment motion is) Tj
0 -13.6 Td
.5 Tw
(insufficient to present the claim to the district court. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.6 Td
1.73 Tw
(Wasco Prods., Inc. v. Southwall Techs., Inc.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 435 F.3d 989,) Tj
0 -13.6 Td
.73 Tw
(992 \(9th Cir. 2006\) \() Tj
() Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.73 Tw
(`Simply put, summary judgment is not) Tj
0 -13.6 Td
2.83 Tw
(a procedural second chance to flesh out inadequate plead-) Tj
0 -13.6 Td
.4 Tw
(ings.') Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.4 Tw
(\); ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Pickern v. Pier 1 Imports \(U.S.\), Inc.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 457 F.3d 963,) Tj
0 -13.6 Td
.1 Tw
(968-69 \(9th Cir. 2006\) \(holding that the complaint did not sat-) Tj
0 -13.6 Td
.47 Tw
(isfy the notice pleading requirements of Federal Rule of Civil) Tj
0 -13.6 Td
1.1 Tw
(Procedure 8\(a\) because the complaint ) Tj
(gave the [defendants]) Tj
0 -13.6 Td
1.15 Tw
(no notice of the specific factual allegations presented for the) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
3.25 Tw
(first time in [the plaintiff's] opposition to summary judg-) Tj
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.5 Td
1.61 Tw
(ment\).) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(27) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( Because the Navajo Plaintiffs failed sufficiently to) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.4 Tw
(present this NEPA claim to the district court and also failed) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
0 -26.6 Td
1.3 Tw
(the Navajo Plaintiffs' reply brief does not state what words in the com-) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.63 Tw
(plaint are sufficient to plead this NEPA claim, nor does the brief cite any) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.61 Tw
(case or rule that makes it so. It is well-established that a bare assertion in) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.33 Tw
(an appellate brief, with no supporting argument, is insufficient to preserve) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.1 Tw
(a claim on appeal. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(See Dennis v. BEH-1, LLC) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 520 F.3d 1066, 1069 n.1) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
2.28 Tw
(\(9th Cir. 2008\). The dissent's advocacy of why the Navajo Plaintiffs') Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.82 Tw
(complaint satisfies the notice pleading requirements of Federal Rule of) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.32 Tw
(Civil Procedure 8\(a\) is the dissent's own invention and disregards the rule) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1 Tw
(that we do not manufacture arguments for an appellant. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(See id.) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
10 -14.3 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.62 Tw
(27) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(The dissent notes that the Navajo Plaintiffs raised the issue of human) Tj
-10 -11.4 Td
.87 Tw
(ingestion of artificial snow during the preparation of the FEIS and in the) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.26 Tw
(administrative appeal. Dissent at 10127-29. This, of course, is irrelevant) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(to the question whether this claim was presented to the ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(district court) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(.) Tj
( A) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.7 Tw
(party may raise a claim at the administrative proceedings, but forego that) Tj
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(trative proceedings does not put the defendants on notice that such claim) Tj
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(appeal. ) Tj
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(1063 n.3 \(9th Cir. 2007\). ) Tj
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([12]) Tj
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( Accordingly, we affirm the district court's grant of) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(et seq) Tj
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(VI.) Tj
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( ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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() Tj
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( ) Tj
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() Tj
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( ) Tj
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(-) Tj
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() Tj
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( ) Tj
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(ATION) Tj
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(nature of religion. ) Tj
108.84 -25.3 Td
(A.) Tj
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( ) Tj
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12 -25.3 Td
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(National Register of Historic Places and as a ) Tj
(traditional cul-) Tj
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(tural property.) Tj
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0 -12.8 Td
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(Yavapai, Hualapai, Havasupai, and Paiute.) Tj
( ) Tj
12 -25.4 Td
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(sacred to at least thirteen formally recognized Indian tribes,) Tj
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.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
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0 -13 Td
2.03 Tw
(practices associated with the Peaks, but there are important) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.3 Tw
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1.16 Tw
(Peaks have spiritual and medicinal properties; that the Peaks) Tj
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12 -26 Td
.74 Tw
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-12 -13.1 Td
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0 -13.1 Td
.33 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.93 Tw
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.32 Tw
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1.96 Tw
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2.05 Tw
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2.11 Tw
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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1.62 Tw
(Amendment and NEPA. The D.C. Circuit upheld the Forest) Tj
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1.17 Tw
(Service's decision. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 708 F.2d 735 \(D.C. Cir.) Tj
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(1983\). In ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Wilson) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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1.17 Tw
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3.22 Tw
(the Snowbowl did not involve any use of treated sewage) Tj
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1.2 Tw
(effluent. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
1.12 Tw
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(snowfall. In dry years, the operating season is short, with few) Tj
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.3 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.4 Tw
(was 2001-02, when there were 87 inches of snow, 4 skiable) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1 Tw
(days, and 2,857 skiers. Another dry year was 1995-96, when) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.43 Tw
(there were 113 inches of snow, 25 skiable days, and 20,312) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.77 Tw
(skiers. By contrast, in wet years, there are many skiable days) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.22 Tw
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156 -136.5 Td
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1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
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.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
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(inches of snow, 134 skiable days, and 173,000 skiers; in) Tj
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2.07 Tw
(1992-93, there were 460 inches of snow, 130 skiable days,) Tj
0 -13 Td
3 Tw
(and 180,062 skiers; in 1997-98, there were 330 inches of) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.14 Tw
(snow, 115 skiable days, and 173,862 skiers; and in 2004-05,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.23 Tw
(there were 460 inches of snow, 139 skiable days, and 191,317) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(skiers. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
1 Tw
(ASR, the current owner, purchased the Snowbowl in 1992) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.25 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
4.61 Tw
(northern Arizona. In September 2002, ASR submitted a) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
4.18 Tw
(development proposal to the Forest Service. In February) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.45 Tw
(2005, the Forest Service issued a Final Environmental Impact) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.48 Tw
(Statement \() Tj
(FEIS) Tj
(\) and Record of Decision \() Tj
(ROD) Tj
(\). The) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
4.78 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
.22 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(treated sewage effluent. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
2.58 Tw
(Under the alternative approved in the ROD, the City of) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.58 Tw
(Flagstaff would provide the Snowbowl with up to 1.5 million) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.14 Tw
(gallons per day of its treated sewage effluent euphemisti-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.71 Tw
(cally called ) Tj
(reclaimed water) Tj
( from November through) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.91 Tw
(February. A 14.8-mile pipeline would be built between Flag-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.11 Tw
(staff and the Snowbowl to carry the treated effluent. The) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.87 Tw
(Snowbowl would be the first ski resort in the nation to make) Tj
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1.85 Tw
(artificial snow entirely from undiluted treated sewage efflu-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(ent. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.77 Tw
(Before treatment, raw sewage consists of waste discharged) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.83 Tw
(into Flagstaff's sewers by households, businesses, hospitals,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2 Tw
(and industries. The FEIS describes the treatment performed) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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60.204 -26.7 Td
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( ) Tj
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22 -26.7 Td
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0 -13.4 Td
.66 Tw
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0 -13.4 Td
1.25 Tw
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13.4 Td
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
-22 -26 Td
1.53 Tw
(Id. ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(at 949 \() Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(quoting Graham v. C.I.R.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 822 F.2d 844, 850-51) Tj
0 -13 Td
.36 Tw
(\(9th Cir. 1987\)\) \(second, third, and fifth alterations in ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Bryant) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(\)) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.48 Tw
(\(emphasis added\). Since ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Bryant) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, we have repeatedly refused) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.33 Tw
(to adopt the conclusion of the majority that ) Tj
(a `substantial) Tj
0 -13 Td
4.33 Tw
(burden' is imposed only when individuals are forced to) Tj
0 -13 Td
3.33 Tw
(choose between following the tenets of their religion and) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.51 Tw
(receiving a governmental benefit . . . or coerced to act con-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.33 Tw
(trary to their religious beliefs by the threat of civil or criminal) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
(sanctions.) Tj
( Maj. op. at 10053. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
( Worldwide Church of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.77 Tw
(God v. Philadelphia Church of God, Inc.,) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( 227 F.3d 1110,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2 Tw
(1121 \(9th Cir. 2000\) \(substantial burden where government) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.52 Tw
(prevent[s] [plaintiff] from engaging in [religious] conduct or) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.71 Tw
(having a religious experience) Tj
( and is ) Tj
(more than an inconve-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.16 Tw
(nience\) \(quoting ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Goehring v. Brophy) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 94 F.3d 1294, 1299) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.8 Tw
(\(9th Cir. 1996\); and ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Bryant) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 46 F.3d at 949\); ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Stefanow v.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.03 Tw
(McFadden, ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(103 F.3d 1466, 1471 \(9th Cir. 1996\) \(same\). We) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(have noted that ) Tj
([a] statute burdens the free exercise of reli-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.27 Tw
(gion if it `put[s] substantial pressure on an adherent to modify) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.55 Tw
(his behavior and to violate his beliefs,' ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(including ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(when, if) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.77 Tw
(enforced, it `results in the choice to the individual of either) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.42 Tw
(abandoning his religious principle or facing criminal prosecu-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.73 Tw
(tion.') Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.73 Tw
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Guam v. Guerrero) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
(290 F.3d 1210, 1222 \(9th Cir.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.41 Tw
(2002\) \(emphasis added\) \(quoting ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Thomas v. Review Bd. of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.14 Tw
(Ind. Employment Sec. Div.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 450 U.S. 707, 718 \(1981\); ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(and) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.53 Tw
(Braunfeld v. Brown) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 366 U.S. 599, 605 \(1961\)\). However,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.17 Tw
(nothing in our opinions suggests that the government can sub-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.84 Tw
(stantially burden religion ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(only ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(by applying a penalty or with-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(holding a benefit based on religion. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
1.18 Tw
(In fact, we have held precisely the opposite. In ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Mockaitis) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.88 Tw
(a district attorney for Lane County, Oregon, with the assis-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.1 Tw
(tance of officials at the Lane County Jail, recorded the confes-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.1 Tw
(sion of a detained murder suspect to a Catholic priest. 104) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2 Tw
(F.3d at 1524-26. The prisoner and the priest learned of the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.43 Tw
(taping only after it occurred. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id. ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(at 1526. Although the pris-) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
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156 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
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(10096) Tj
94.1037 0 Td
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.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(oner did not seek suppression of the tape, the priest, together) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.37 Tw
(with the Archbishop of Portland, sought an injunction under) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.71 Tw
(RFRA barring future taping. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id. ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(at 1526-1527. We concluded) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.58 Tw
(the initial taping violated RFRA and held that an injunction) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(was warranted because, ) Tj
22 -26.7 Td
1.75 Tw
(A ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(substantial burden) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( is imposed on [the Archbish-) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
0 Tw
(op's] free exercise of religion as the responsible head) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.5 Tw
(of the archdiocese of Portland by the intrusion into) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.14 Tw
(the Sacrament of Penance by officials of the state, an) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
5.28 Tw
(intrusion defended in this case by an assistant) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.83 Tw
(attorney-general of the state as not contrary to any) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.61 Tw
(law. Archbishop George has justifiable grounds for) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.85 Tw
(fearing that without a declaratory judgment and an) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.75 Tw
(injunction in this case the administration of the Sac-) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.55 Tw
(rament of Penance for which he is responsible in his) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.17 Tw
(archdiocese will be made odious in jails by the intru-) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(sion of law enforcement officers. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
-22 -26.7 Td
2.33 Tw
(Id. ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(at 1531 \(emphasis added\). ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Mockaitis ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(was not only cor-) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.25 Tw
(rectly decided. It is also flatly inconsistent with the majority) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(opinion. ) Tj
12 -26.6 Td
.25 Tw
(The majority does not dispute that ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Mockaitis ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(is inconsistent) Tj
-12 -13.4 Td
2.96 Tw
(with its approach today, but instead argues that ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Mockaitis) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.4 Td
3.48 Tw
(cannot serve as precedent) Tj
( for two reasons. Maj. op. at) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(10060-61 n.15. First, the Majority notes that ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(City of Boerne) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.41 Tw
(521 U.S. at 532, overruled our application of RFRA to a state) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.45 Tw
(subdivision in ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Mockaitis. ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(But the federalism holding of ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(City) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.27 Tw
(of Boerne) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 521 U.S. at 532, was entirely unrelated to our defi-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.21 Tw
(nition of ) Tj
(substantial burden.) Tj
( We do not normally discard) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.88 Tw
(our prior view of the law simply because it was expressed in) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.27 Tw
(a case that is overruled on unrelated grounds. To the contrary,) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.6 Tw
(this circuit has cited cases that have been ) Tj
(overruled on other) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.14 Tw
(grounds) Tj
( in 1,508 opinions. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Mockaitis ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(continues to demon-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.7 Tw
(strate that we have previously refused to adopt the majority's) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(restrictive definition of ) Tj
(substantial burden.) Tj
( ) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
428.5 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(10097) Tj
-178.3963 0 Td
(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(Second, the majority finds ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Mockaitis ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(unhelpful) Tj
( because) Tj
-12 -13 Td
2.58 Tw
(it ) Tj
(did not define substantial burden, let alone analyze the) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.55 Tw
(substantial burden standard under the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Sherbert) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(/) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Yoder ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(frame-) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.73 Tw
(work restored in RFRA, [or] attempt to explain why such) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.85 Tw
(framework should not apply to define substantial burden.) Tj
() Tj
0 -13 Td
.18 Tw
(Maj. op. at 10061 n.15. As I have explained above, RFRA did) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.33 Tw
(not employ the term ) Tj
(substantial burden) Tj
( as a term of art lim-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.26 Tw
(iting the application of RFRA to burdens caused by the pre-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.18 Tw
(cise mechanisms at issue in ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Sherbert) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Yoder. ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(In rejecting) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
4.05 Tw
(this argument, the majority dismisses ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Mockaitis ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(precisely) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.44 Tw
(because it proves my point. That is, because ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Mockaitis ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(does) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.06 Tw
(not treat ) Tj
(substantial burden) Tj
( as a term of art limited to bur-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.66 Tw
(dens caused by the precise mechanisms at issue in ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Sherbert) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.1 Td
1.52 Tw
(and ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Yoder) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, the majority must perforce reject it. The conflict) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.14 Tw
(between ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Mocktaitis ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(and the majority's approach today reflects) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
4.12 Tw
(the novelty of today's opinion, not any shortcomings of) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(Mocakaitis) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.5 Tw
(Notably absent from the majority's opinion is any explana-) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.17 Tw
(tion of why the result reached in ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Mockaitis ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(is incorrect. Under) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.53 Tw
(the majority's approach, it is clear that governmental eaves-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.95 Tw
(dropping on a prisoner's confession to his priest would not) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.03 Tw
(impose a substantial burden on the prisoner or priest under) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(RFRA. This cannot be the law. ) Tj
54.876 -26 Td
(f.) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(This Circuit's RLUIPA Precedents) Tj
-42.876 -26 Td
.04 Tw
(Our cases interpreting the definition of ) Tj
(substantial burden) Tj
() Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.33 Tw
(under RLUIPA have applied a similar definition to the defini-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
5.17 Tw
(tion employed in ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Bryant) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 46 F.3d at 949. In applying) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.17 Tw
(RLUIPA, we have stated that ) Tj
(for a land use regulation to) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.44 Tw
(impose a `substantial burden,' it must be `oppressive' to a) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.08 Tw
(`significantly great' extent. That is, a `substantial burden' on) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.18 Tw
(`religious exercise' must impose a significantly great restric-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.21 Tw
(tion or onus upon such exercise.) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Warsoldier v. Woodford) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.03 Tw
(418 F.3d 989, 995 \(9th Cir. 2005\) \(quoting ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(San Jose Christian) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.07 Tw
(College) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 360 F.3d at 1034\). In other words, we have defined) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.33 Tw
(substantial burden) Tj
( according to the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(effect ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(of a government) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
156 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(10098) Tj
94.1037 0 Td
(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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0 -8.4 Td
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(action on religious exercise rather than particular mechanisms) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(by which this effect is achieved. ) Tj
12 -26.7 Td
.71 Tw
(Moreover, we recently held that a substantial burden could) Tj
-12 -13.5 Td
.8 Tw
(exist under RLUIPA in a case that involved no imposition of) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.2 Tw
(a penalty or deprivation of a benefit. In ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Shakur) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 514 F.3d 878,) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.5 Tw
(a Muslim inmate brought a RLUIPA challenge alleging that) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.11 Tw
(the Arizona Department of Corrections substantially burdened) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
2.67 Tw
(his exercise of religion by refusing to provide him with a) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.43 Tw
(Halal or Kosher meat diet. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id. ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(at 888-89. The imposition on) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.03 Tw
(Shakur was in fact relatively mild because the prison provided) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
2 Tw
(him with a vegetarian diet as an alternative to the ordinary) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.63 Tw
(meat diet. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id. ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(at 888, 891. Nonetheless, we found that Shakur) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.47 Tw
(had asserted a cognizable substantial burden under RLUIPA) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.94 Tw
(when he alleged that the vegetarian diet he was forced to eat) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.96 Tw
(for lack of Halal meat gave him indigestion, thereby disrupt-) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
2.22 Tw
(ing his religious practices. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id. ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(at 888. Because the Arizona) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
2.16 Tw
(Department of Corrections had not imposed any penalty or) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.25 Tw
(withheld any benefit from Shakur based on his exercise of) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.45 Tw
(religion, ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Shakur ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(is, like ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Mockaitis,) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( flatly inconsistent with the) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(majority opinion. ) Tj
12 -26.6 Td
3.61 Tw
(In attempting to distinguish ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Shakur) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, the majority again) Tj
-12 -13.4 Td
.77 Tw
(refuses to accept the implications of its own rule. The major-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.7 Tw
(ity claims that ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Shakur ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(is a ) Tj
(straightforward application of the) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.4 Td
1.1 Tw
(Sherbert ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(test) Tj
( because ) Tj
(the policy conditioned a governmen-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.41 Tw
(tal benefit to which Shakur was otherwise entitleda meal in) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.1 Tw
(prisonupon conduct that would violate Shakur's religious) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.53 Tw
(beliefs. Maj. op. at 10068 n.24. However, like ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Mockaitis,) Tj
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.41 Tw
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.46 Tw
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( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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( ) Tj
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(Id. ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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0 -13.1 Td
1.34 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
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65.538 -26 Td
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1.2 Tw
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-53.538 -26 Td
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1.92 Tw
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-22 -26 Td
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0 -13.1 Td
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-22 -26 Td
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12 -26 Td
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22 -26.1 Td
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0 -26.1 Td
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13.68 -26 Td
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( ) Tj
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0 -13.1 Td
1.03 Tw
(majority concludes that spraying up to 1.5 million gallons of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.12 Tw
(treated sewage effluent per day on Humphrey's Peak, the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.83 Tw
(most sacred of the San Francisco Peaks, does not impose a) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.55 Tw
(substantial burden) Tj
( on the Indians' ) Tj
(exercise of religion.) Tj
( In) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.71 Tw
(so concluding, the majority emphasizes the lack of physical) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.78 Tw
(harm. According to the majority, ) Tj
([T]here are no plants,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.71 Tw
(springs, natural resources, shrines with religious significance,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.75 Tw
(nor any religious ceremonies that would be physically affect-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.96 Tw
(ed by using treated sewage effluent to make artificial snow.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.64 Tw
(In the majority's view, the ) Tj
(sole effect) Tj
( of using treated sew-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.07 Tw
(age effluent on Humphrey's Peak is on the Indians' ) Tj
(subjec-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(tive spiritual experience.) Tj
( Maj. op. at 10041. ) Tj
12 -26.1 Td
3.94 Tw
(The majority's emphasis on physical harm ignores the) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.57 Tw
(nature of religious belief and exercise, as well as the nature) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.21 Tw
(of the inquiry mandated by RFRA. The majority characterizes) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.48 Tw
(the Indians' religious belief and exercise as merely a ) Tj
(subjec-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.37 Tw
(tive spiritual experience.) Tj
( Though I would not choose pre-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
2.07 Tw
(cisely those words, they come close to describing what the) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
156 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(10104) Tj
94.1037 0 Td
(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. USFS) Tj
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(not ) Tj
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(belief and exercise. Contrary to what the majority writes, and) Tj
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(appears to think, religious exercise invariably, and centrally,) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
(involves a ) Tj
(subjective spiritual experience.) Tj
( ) Tj
12 -26 Td
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(Religious belief concerns the human spirit and religious) Tj
-12 -13 Td
.41 Tw
(faith, not physical harm and scientific fact. Religious exercise) Tj
0 -13 Td
.37 Tw
(sometimes involves physical things, but the physical or scien-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.03 Tw
(tific character of these things is secondary to their spiritual) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.3 Tw
(and religious meaning. The centerpiece of religious belief and) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.12 Tw
(exercise is the ) Tj
(subjective) Tj
( and the ) Tj
(spiritual.) Tj
( As William) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.7 Tw
(James wrote, religion may be defined as ) Tj
(the feelings, acts,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.7 Tw
(and experiences of individual men [and women] in their soli-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.77 Tw
(tude, so far as they apprehend themselves to stand in relation) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.91 Tw
(to whatever they may consider the divine.) Tj
( W) Tj
/F2 8.4 Tf 101.1 Tz
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(ILLIAM) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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1.91 Tw
( J) Tj
/F2 8.4 Tf 101.1 Tz
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(AMES) Tj
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1.91 Tw
(,) Tj
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(T) Tj
/F2 8.4 Tf 101.1 Tz
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(HE) Tj
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( V) Tj
/F2 8.4 Tf 101.1 Tz
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(ARIETIES OF) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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1.82 Tw
( R) Tj
/F2 8.4 Tf 101.1 Tz
1.8 Tw
(ELIGIOUS) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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1.82 Tw
( E) Tj
/F2 8.4 Tf 101.1 Tz
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(XPERIENCE) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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1.82 Tw
(: A S) Tj
/F2 8.4 Tf 101.1 Tz
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(TUDY IN) Tj
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( H) Tj
/F2 8.4 Tf 101.1 Tz
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(UMAN) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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(N) Tj
/F2 8.4 Tf 101.1 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATURE) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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1.2 Tw
( 31-32 \(1929\). ) Tj
12 -26 Td
1 Tw
(The majority's misunderstanding of the nature of religious) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
2.26 Tw
(belief and exercise as merely ) Tj
(subjective) Tj
( is an excuse for) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.6 Tw
(refusing to accept the Indians' religion as worthy of protec-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.03 Tw
(tion under RFRA. According to undisputed evidence in the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.39 Tw
(record, and the finding of the district court, the Indians in this) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.71 Tw
(case are sincere in their religious beliefs. The record makes) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.18 Tw
(clear that their religious beliefs and practice do not merely) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.21 Tw
(require the continued existence of certain plants and shrines.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.81 Tw
(They require that these plants and shrines be spiritually pure,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(undesecrated by treated sewage effluent. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
1.44 Tw
(Perhaps the strength of the Indians' argument in this case) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1 Tw
(could be seen more easily by the majority if another religion) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.66 Tw
(were at issue. For example, I do not think that the majority) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.4 Tw
(would accept that the burden on a Christian's exercise of reli-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.75 Tw
(gion would be insubstantial ) Tj
(if the government permitted only) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.33 Tw
(treated sewage effluent for use as baptismal water, based on) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.36 Tw
(an argument that no physical harm would result and any) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.5 Tw
(adverse effect would merely be on the Christian's ) Tj
(subjective) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.96 Tw
(spiritual experience.) Tj
( Nor do I think the majority would) Tj
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428.5 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(10105) Tj
-178.3963 0 Td
(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(accept such an argument for an orthodox Jew if the govern-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(ment permitted only non-Kosher food. ) Tj
67.536 -26 Td
(E.) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(Proper Application of RFRA) Tj
-55.536 -26 Td
.67 Tw
(Applying our precedents, which properly reject the majori-) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
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0 -13.1 Td
1.81 Tw
(shown a substantial burden on the exercise of their religion) Tj
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(least restrictive means to further a compelling governmental) Tj
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(interest. ) Tj
12.252 -26 Td
(1.) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
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( on the ) Tj
(Exercise of Religion) Tj
() Tj
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2.33 Tw
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(exercise of religion) Tj
( as ) Tj
(any exercise of) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
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(religion, whether or not compelled by, or central to, a system) Tj
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(of religious belief.) Tj
( 42 U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
5.05 Tw
() Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
5.05 Tw
(2000bb-2\(4\), 2000cc-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(5\(7\)\(A\). Under our prior case law, a ) Tj
(substantial burden) Tj
( on) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.17 Tw
(the ) Tj
(exercise of religion) Tj
( exists where government action pre-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.33 Tw
(vents an individual ) Tj
(from engaging in [religious] conduct or) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.42 Tw
(having a religious experience) Tj
( and the interference is ) Tj
(more) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(than an inconvenience.) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Bryant, ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(46 F.3d at 949. ) Tj
14.178 -26 Td
(a.) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(The Indians' ) Tj
(Sacred) Tj
( Land and their ) Tj
(Exercise of) Tj
112.488 -13.1 Td
(Religion) Tj
-114.666 -26.1 Td
1.36 Tw
(The Appellees do not dispute the sincerity of the Indians') Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.28 Tw
(testimony concerning their religious beliefs and practices, and) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.4 Tw
(the district court wrote that it was not ) Tj
(challenging the honest) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.12 Tw
(religious beliefs of any witness.) Tj
( The majority concedes that) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.4 Tw
(the Indians are sincere. It writes, ) Tj
(The district court found the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.87 Tw
(Plaintiffs' beliefs to be sincere; there is no basis to challenge) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(that finding.) Tj
( Maj. op. at 10041. ) Tj
12 -26.1 Td
.41 Tw
(The majority seeks to undermine the importance of the dis-) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.91 Tw
(trict court's finding, and its own concession, by contending) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.21 Tw
(that the Indians consider virtually everything sacred. It writes:) Tj
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(10106) Tj
94.1037 0 Td
(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(In the Coconino National Forest alone, there are) Tj
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(approximately a dozen mountains recognized as) Tj
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(sacred by American Indian tribes. The district court) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.66 Tw
(found the tribes hold other landscapes to be sacred) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.83 Tw
(as well, such as canyons and canyon systems, rivers) Tj
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.38 Tw
(and river drainages, lakes, discrete mesas and buttes,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(rock formations, shrines, gathering areas, pilgrimage) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(routes, and prehistoric sites. Within the Southwest-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.52 Tw
(ern Region forest lands alone, there are between) Tj
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(40,000 and 50,000 prehistoric sites. The district) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.83 Tw
(court also found the Navajo and the Hualapai Plain-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.53 Tw
(tiffs consider the entire Colorado River to be sacred.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.66 Tw
(New sacred areas are continuously being recognized) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(by the Plaintiffs. ) Tj
-22 -26 Td
(Maj. op. at 10046 n.7 \(citations omitted\). ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.43 Tw
(The majority implies that if we hold, based on the sincerity) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.3 Tw
(of the Indians's religious belief, that there has been a substan-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.93 Tw
(tial burden in this case, there is no stopping place. That is,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.67 Tw
(since virtually everything is sacred, virtually any governmen-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.4 Tw
(tal action affecting the Indians' ) Tj
(sacred) Tj
( land will be a sub-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(stantial burden under RFRA. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.32 Tw
(The majority's implication rests upon an inadequate review) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.85 Tw
(of the record. The district court conducted a two-week trial) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.47 Tw
(devoted solely to the Indians' RFRA claim. The trial record) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.15 Tw
(demonstrates that the word ) Tj
(sacred) Tj
( is a broad and undiffer-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.74 Tw
(entiated term. That term does not capture the various degrees) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.47 Tw
(in which the Indians hold land to be sacred. For example,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.85 Tw
(Vincent Randall, an Apache legislator, historian, and cultural) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.24 Tw
(teacher, responded to a question regarding mountains that) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(were ) Tj
(sacred sites) Tj
( as follows:) Tj
22 -26 Td
2.83 Tw
(That's your term ) Tj
(sacred.) Tj
( That's not my term. I) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.9 Tw
(talked about holy mountains this morning. I talked) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.63 Tw
(about God's mountains. . . . Sacred to you is not the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.12 Tw
(other terms. There are other places of honor and) Tj
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(10107) Tj
-178.3963 0 Td
(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
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(respect. You're looking at everything as being) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.96 Tw
(sacred. There is not there is honor and respect,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.57 Tw
(just as much as the Twin Towers is a place of honor) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.28 Tw
(and respect. Gettysburg. Yes, there are places like) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.55 Tw
(that in Apache land, ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(but there are four holy moun-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(tains. Holy mountains) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
-22 -26 Td
(Trial tr. 722-23 \(emphasis added\). ) Tj
12 -26 Td
8.21 Tw
(Dianna Uqualla, subchief of the Havasupai, again) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(explained that there are different degrees of ) Tj
(sacred) Tj
(: ) Tj
22 -26 Td
.58 Tw
(The whole reservation is sacred to us,) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
( but the moun-) Tj
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.11 Tw
(tains are more sacred) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. They are like our if you go) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.33 Tw
(to a church there would be like our tabernacle, that) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.47 Tw
(would be our altars. That's the that's the differ-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2 Tw
(ence like being in Fort Defiance or Window Rock) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.96 Tw
(versus going to each of the sacred mountains. The) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.1 Tw
(San Francisco Peaks would be like our tabernacle,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(our altar to the west. ) Tj
-22 -26 Td
(SER 1253 \(emphasis added\). ) Tj
12 -26 Td
3.45 Tw
(Many White Mountain Apache, Navajo, and Havasupai) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.18 Tw
(members refer to all land that is owned, or was ever owned,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.11 Tw
(by their tribe as sacred. For example, Ramon Riley, Cultural) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.62 Tw
(Resource Director for the White Mountain Apache, testified) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.44 Tw
(that the entire Apache reservation is ) Tj
(sacred.) Tj
( Trial tr. at 625,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.07 Tw
(647-51. Uqualla testified to the same effect with respect to) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(Havasuapai land. SER 1253. ) Tj
12 -26.1 Td
1.5 Tw
(But while there are many mountains within White Moun-) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.96 Tw
(tain Apache, Navajo, and Havasupai historic territory, only a) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.12 Tw
(few of these mountains are ) Tj
(holy) Tj
( or particularly ) Tj
(sacred.) Tj
() Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.63 Tw
(For the White Mountain Apache, there are four holy moun-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.44 Tw
(tains. They are the San Francisco Peaks, Mt. Graham, Mt.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.55 Tw
(Baldy, and Red Mountain/Four Peaks. Trial tr. at 639-43. For) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.14 Tw
(the Navajo, there are also four holy mountains. They are the) Tj
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1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(10108) Tj
94.1037 0 Td
(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. USFS) Tj
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(San Francisco Peaks, the Blanca Peak, Mt. Taylor, and the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(Hesperous Mountains. Trial tr. at 739. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
1 Tw
(The Indians allow different uses on sacred land depending) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.27 Tw
(the degree of sacredness. For example, Mount Baldy is one of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.51 Tw
(the White Mountain Apache's holy mountains. Though they) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.07 Tw
(consider all of their reservation land ) Tj
(sacred) Tj
( in the sense in) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(which that term is used by the majority, Mount Baldy is not) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.94 Tw
(merely sacred. It is holy. The record is clear that the Apache) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.26 Tw
(do not permit camping, fishing, or hunting on the portion of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.62 Tw
(Mount Baldy under their control, even though they permit) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(such activities elsewhere on their reservation. ) Tj
1.146 -26 Td
(b.) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(Substantial Burden on the Indians' Exercise of Religion) Tj
10.854 -26 Td
1 Tw
(The record in this case makes clear that the San Francisco) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.62 Tw
(Peaks are particularly sacred to the surrounding Indian tribes.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.9 Tw
(Humphrey's Peak is the most sacred, or holy, of the Peaks. I) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.16 Tw
(accept as sincere the Indians' testimony about their religious) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.41 Tw
(beliefs and practices, and I accept as sincere their testimony) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.25 Tw
(that the Peaks, and in particular Humphrey's Peak, are not) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(merely sacred but holy mountains. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.3 Tw
(In the discussion that follows, I focus on the evidence pres-) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.41 Tw
(ented by the Hopi and Navajo, and to a lesser extent on the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.3 Tw
(Hualapai and Havasupai. I first describe the Indians' religious) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.12 Tw
(practices, and then discuss the effect the Snowbowl expansion) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(would have on these practices. ) Tj
60.876 -26 Td
(i.) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(The Indians' Religious Practices) Tj
52.698 -26.1 Td
(\(1\)) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(The Hopi) Tj
-101.574 -26.1 Td
.33 Tw
(Hopi religious beliefs and practices center on the San Fran-) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.87 Tw
(cisco Peaks. As stated by the district court, ) Tj
(The Peaks are) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.63 Tw
(where the Hopi direct their prayers and thoughts, a point in) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.22 Tw
(the physical world that defines the Hopi universe and serves) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.81 Tw
(as the home of the Kachinas, who bring water, snow and life) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
428.5 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(10109) Tj
-178.3963 0 Td
(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. USFS) Tj
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0 Tc
(to the Hopi people.) Tj
( 408 F. Supp. 2d at 894. The Hopi have) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.58 Tw
(been making pilgrimages to the Peaks since at least 1540,) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.75 Tw
(when they first encountered Europeans, and probably long) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
(before that. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
1.18 Tw
(The Hopi believe that when they emerged into this world,) Tj
-12 -13 Td
1.03 Tw
(the clans journeyed to the Peaks \(or ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Nuvatukyaovi) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, the ) Tj
(high) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.22 Tw
(place of snow) Tj
(\) to receive instructions from a spiritual pres-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.52 Tw
(ence, ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Ma'saw) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. At the Peaks, they entered a spiritual covenant) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.18 Tw
(with ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Ma'saw) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( to take care of the land, and then migrated down) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.66 Tw
(to the Hopi villages. The Hopi re-enact their emergence from) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.25 Tw
(the Peaks annually, and Hopi practitioners look to the Peaks) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.24 Tw
(in their daily songs and prayers as a place of tranquility, sanc-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(tity, and purity. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.47 Tw
(The Peaks are also the primary home of the powerful spiri-) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
4.45 Tw
(tual beings called ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Katsinam ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(\(Hopi plural of ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Katsina) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, or) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.1 Tw
(Kachina in English\). Hundreds of specific ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Katsinam ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(personify) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.85 Tw
(the spirits of plants, animals, people, tribes, and forces of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
0 Tw
(nature. The ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Katsinam ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(are the spirits of Hopi ancestors, and the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.11 Tw
(Hopi believe that when they die, their spirits will join the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Kat-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.93 Tw
(sinam ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(on the Peaks. As spiritual teachers of ) Tj
(the Hopi way,) Tj
() Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.66 Tw
(the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Katsinam ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(teach children and remind adults of the moral) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.96 Tw
(principles by which they must live. These principles are) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.81 Tw
(embodied in traditional songs given by the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Katsinam ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(to the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.66 Tw
(Hopi and sung by the Hopi in their everyday lives. One Hopi) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.47 Tw
(practitioner compared these songs to sermons, which children) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.04 Tw
(understand simplistically but which adults come to understand) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(more profoundly. Many of these songs focus on the Peaks. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -26 Td
.41 Tw
(Katsinam ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(serve as intermediaries between the Hopi and the) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.66 Tw
(higher powers, carrying prayers from the Hopi villages to the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.55 Tw
(Peaks on an annual cycle. From July through January, the) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.1 Td
.03 Tw
(Katsinam ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(live on the Peaks. In sixteen days of ceremonies and) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.44 Tw
(prayers at the winter solstice, the Hopi pray and prepare for) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.81 Tw
(the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Katsinam) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
('s visits to the villages. In February or March,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.74 Tw
(the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Katsinam ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(begin to arrive, and the Hopi celebrate with) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1 Tw
(nightly dances at which the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Katsinam ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(appear in costume and) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
156 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(10110) Tj
94.1037 0 Td
(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. USFS) Tj
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(perform. The ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Katsinam ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(stay while the Hopi plant their corn) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.3 Tw
(and it germinates. Then, in July, the Hopi mark the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Katsi-) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
(nam) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
('s departure for the Peaks. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
1.14 Tw
(The Hopi believe that pleasing the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Katsinam) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( on the Peaks) Tj
-12 -13 Td
.4 Tw
(is crucial to their livelihood. Appearing in the form of clouds,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.2 Tw
(the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Katsinam) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( are responsible for bringing rain to the Hopi vil-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.88 Tw
(lages from the Peaks. The ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Katsinam ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(must be treated with) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.39 Tw
(respect, lest they refuse to bring the rains from the Peaks to) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.96 Tw
(nourish the corn crop. In preparation for the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Katsinam) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
('s) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.23 Tw
(arrival, prayer sticks and feathers are delivered to every mem-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.63 Tw
(ber of the village, which they then deposit in traditional loca-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.88 Tw
(tions, praying for the spiritual purity necessary to receive the) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.1 Td
2.87 Tw
(Katsinam) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. The ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Katsinam ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(will not arrive until the peoples') Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.67 Tw
(hearts are in the right place, a state they attempt to reach) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(through prayers directed at the spirits on the Peaks. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.17 Tw
(The Hopi have at least fourteen shrines on the Peaks. Every) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.52 Tw
(year, religious leaders select members of each of the approxi-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.66 Tw
(mately forty congregations, or ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(kiva) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, among the twelve Hopi) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.7 Tw
(villages to make a pilgrimage to the Peaks. They gather from) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.3 Tw
(the Peaks both water for their ceremonies and boughs of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.9 Tw
(Douglas fir worn by the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Katsinam ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(in their visits to the vil-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(lages. ) Tj
108.246 -26 Td
(\(2\)) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(The Navajo) Tj
-96.246 -26 Td
1.36 Tw
(The Peaks are also of fundamental importance to the reli-) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.77 Tw
(gious beliefs and practices of the Navajo. The district court) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.05 Tw
(found, ) Tj
([T]he Peaks are considered . . . to be the `Mother of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.93 Tw
(the Navajo People,' their essence and their home. The whole) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2 Tw
(of the Peaks is the holiest of shrines in the Navajo way of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.66 Tw
(life. 408 F. Supp. 2d at 889. Considering the mountain ) Tj
(like) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.22 Tw
(family,) Tj
( the Navajo greet the Peaks daily with prayer songs,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.58 Tw
(of which there are more than one hundred relating to the four) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.9 Tw
(mountains sacred to the Navajo. Witnesses described the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.88 Tw
(Peaks as ) Tj
(our leader) Tj
( and ) Tj
(very much an integral part of our) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(life, our daily lives.) Tj
( ) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
428.5 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(10111) Tj
-178.3963 0 Td
(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. USFS) Tj
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(The Navajo creation story revolves around the Peaks. The) Tj
-12 -13 Td
1.71 Tw
(mother of humanity, called the Changing Woman and com-) Tj
0 -13 Td
.11 Tw
(pared by one witness to the Virgin Mary, resided on the Peaks) Tj
0 -13 Td
2 Tw
(and went through puberty there, an event which the people) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.18 Tw
(celebrated as a gift of new life. Following this celebration,) Tj
0 -13 Td
.17 Tw
(called the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(kinaalda) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, the Changing Woman gave birth to twins,) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.21 Tw
(from whom the Navajo are descended. The Navajo believe) Tj
0 -13 Td
.78 Tw
(that the Changing Woman's ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(kinaalda) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( gave them life, genera-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.46 Tw
(tion after generation. Young women today still celebrate their) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.33 Tw
(own ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(kinaalda) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( with a ceremony one witness compared to a) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.87 Tw
(Christian confirmation or a Jewish bat mitzvah. The cere-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.52 Tw
(mony sometimes involves water especially collected from the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(Peaks because of the Peaks' religious significance. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.92 Tw
(The Peaks are represented in the Navajo medicine bundles) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.28 Tw
(found in nearly every Navajo household. The medicine bun-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.5 Tw
(dles are composed of stones, shells, herbs, and soil from each) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.12 Tw
(of four sacred mountains. One Navajo practitioner called the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.1 Tw
(medicine bundles ) Tj
(our Bible,) Tj
( because they have ) Tj
(embedded) Tj
() Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.93 Tw
(within them ) Tj
(the unwritten way of life for us, our songs, our) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
5.42 Tw
(ceremonies.) Tj
( The practitioner traced their origin to the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
4.08 Tw
(Changing Woman: When her twins wanted to find their) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.78 Tw
(father, the Changing Woman instructed them to offer prayers) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.03 Tw
(to the Peaks and conduct ceremonies with medicine bundles.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.18 Tw
(The Navajo believe that the medicine bundles are conduits for) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.6 Tw
(prayers; by praying to the Peaks with a medicine bundle con-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.81 Tw
(taining soil from the Peaks, the prayer will be communicated) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(to the mountain. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
1.03 Tw
(As their name suggests, medicine bundles are also used in) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.28 Tw
(Navajo healing ceremonies, as is medicine made with plants) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.92 Tw
(collected from the Peaks. Appellant Norris Nez, a Navajo) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.41 Tw
(medicine man, testified that ) Tj
(like the western doctor has his) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.5 Tw
(black bag with needles and other medicine, this bundle has in) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.84 Tw
(there the things to apply medicine to a patient.) Tj
( Explaining) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.53 Tw
(why he loves the mountain as his mother, he testified, ) Tj
(She) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.23 Tw
(is holding medicine and things to make us well and healthy.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.49 Tw
(We suckle from her and get well when we consider her our) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
156 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(10112) Tj
94.1037 0 Td
(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. USFS) Tj
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(Mother.) Tj
( Nez testified that he collects many different plants) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
(from the Peaks to make medicine. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.74 Tw
(The Peaks play a role in every Navajo religious ceremony.) Tj
-12 -13 Td
1.07 Tw
(The medicine bundle is placed to the west, facing the Peaks.) Tj
0 -13 Td
3.21 Tw
(In the Blessingway ceremony, called by one witness ) Tj
(the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.48 Tw
(backbone of our ceremony) Tj
( because it is performed at the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.37 Tw
(conclusion of all ceremonies, the Navajo pray to the Peaks by) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(name. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
1.14 Tw
(The purity of nature, including the Peaks, plays an impor-) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.2 Tw
(tant part in Navajo beliefs. Among other things, it affects how) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.6 Tw
(a medicine bundle described by one witness as ) Tj
(a living) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.72 Tw
(basket) Tj
( is made. The making of a medicine bundle is pre-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.11 Tw
(ceded by a four-day purification process for the medicine man) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.07 Tw
(and the keeper of the bundle. By Navajo tradition, the medi-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.18 Tw
(cine bundle should be made with leather from a buck that is) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.55 Tw
(ritually suffocated; the skin cannot be pierced by a weapon.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
4.28 Tw
(Medicine bundles are ) Tj
(rejuvenated) Tj
( every few years, by) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.81 Tw
(replacing the ingredients with others gathered on pilgrimages) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(to the Peaks and three other sacred mountains. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.45 Tw
(The Navajo believe their role on earth is to take care of the) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
2.03 Tw
(land. They refer to themselves as ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(nochoka dine) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, which one) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.14 Tw
(witness translated as ) Tj
(people of the earth) Tj
( or ) Tj
(people put on) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.33 Tw
(the surface of the earth to take care of the lands.) Tj
( They) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.93 Tw
(believe that the Creator put them between four sacred moun-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.14 Tw
(tains of which the westernmost is the Peaks, or ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Do'ok'oos-liid) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.1 Td
.87 Tw
(\() Tj
(shining on top,) Tj
( referring to its snow\), and that the Creator) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.95 Tw
(instructed them never to leave this homeland. Although the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.18 Tw
(whole reservation is sacred to the Navajo, the mountains are) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.3 Tw
(the most sacred part. As noted previously, one witness drew) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.54 Tw
(an analogy to a church, with the area within the mountains as) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.08 Tw
(the part of the church where the people sit, and the Peaks as) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(our altar to the west.) Tj
( ) Tj
12 -26 Td
2.03 Tw
(As in Hopi religious practice, the Peaks are so sacred in) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.63 Tw
(Navajo beliefs that, according to Joe Shirley, Jr., President of) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
428.5 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(10113) Tj
-178.3963 0 Td
(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. USFS) Tj
ET
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0 Tc
(the Navajo Nation, a person ) Tj
(cannot just voluntarily go up on) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.63 Tw
(this mountain at any time. It's it's the holiest of shrines in) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.95 Tw
(our way of life. You have to sacrifice. You have to sing cer-) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
2.75 Tw
(tain songs before you even dwell for a little bit to gather) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
2.55 Tw
(herbs, to do offerings.) Tj
( After the requisite preparation, the) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.86 Tw
(Navajo go on pilgrimages to the Peaks to collect plants for) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(ceremonial and medicinal use. ) Tj
103.914 -26.7 Td
(\(3\)) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(The Hualapai) Tj
-91.914 -26.7 Td
1.85 Tw
(The Peaks figure centrally in the beliefs of the Hualapai.) Tj
-12 -13.5 Td
2.44 Tw
(The Hualapai creation story takes place on the Peaks. The) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.53 Tw
(Hualapai believe that at one time the world was deluged by) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.86 Tw
(water, and the Hualapai put a young girl on a log so that she) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.57 Tw
(could survive. She landed on the Peaks, alone, and washed in) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.86 Tw
(the water. In the water, she conceived a son, who was a man) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.74 Tw
(born of water. She washed again, and conceived another son.) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
2.04 Tw
(These were the twin warriors or war gods, from whom the) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.26 Tw
(Hualapai are today descended. Later, one of the twins became) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.53 Tw
(ill, and the other collected plants and water from the Peaks,) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.52 Tw
(thereby healing his brother. From this story comes the Huala-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.02 Tw
(pai belief that the mountain and its water and plants are sacred) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.14 Tw
(and have medicinal properties. One witness called the story of) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.93 Tw
(the deluge, the twins, and their mother ) Tj
(our Bible story) Tj
( and) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.1 Tw
(drew a comparison to Noah's Ark. As in Biblical parables and) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.22 Tw
(stories, Hualapai songs and stories about the twins are infused) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(with moral principles. ) Tj
12 -26.6 Td
3.16 Tw
(Hualapai spiritual leaders travel to the Peaks to deliver) Tj
-12 -13.4 Td
1.3 Tw
(prayers. Like the Hopi and the Navajo, the Hualapai believe) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.72 Tw
(that the Peaks are so sacred that one has to prepare oneself) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.76 Tw
(spiritually to visit. A spiritual leader testified that he prays to) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.47 Tw
(the Peaks every day and fasts before visiting to perform the) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.17 Tw
(prayer feather ceremony. In the prayer feather ceremony, a) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.3 Tw
(troubled family prays into an eagle feather for days, and the) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.81 Tw
(spiritual leader delivers it to the Peaks; the spirit of the eagle) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(then carries the prayer up the mountain and to the Creator. ) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
156 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(10114) Tj
94.1037 0 Td
(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. USFS) Tj
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(The Hualapai collect water from the Peaks. Hualapai reli-) Tj
-12 -13 Td
3.81 Tw
(gious ceremonies revolve around water, and they believe) Tj
0 -13 Td
.84 Tw
(water from the Peaks is sacred. In their sweat lodge purifica-) Tj
0 -13 Td
.6 Tw
(tion ceremony, the Hualapai add sacred water from the Peaks) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.11 Tw
(to other water, and pour it onto heated rocks to make steam.) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.53 Tw
(In a healing ceremony, people seeking treatment drink from) Tj
0 -13 Td
3.07 Tw
(the water used to produce the steam and are cleansed by) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.1 Tw
(brushing the water on their bodies with feathers. At the con-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.3 Tw
(clusion of the healing ceremony, the other people present also) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.28 Tw
(drink the water. A Hualapai tribal member who conducts) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.41 Tw
(healing ceremonies testified that water from the Peaks is used) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.24 Tw
(to treat illnesses of ) Tj
(high parts) Tj
( of the body like the eyes,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.94 Tw
(sinuses, mouth, throat, and brain, including tumors, meningi-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
4.28 Tw
(tis, forgetfulness, and sleepwalking. He testified that the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.4 Tw
(Peaks are the only place to collect water with those medicinal) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.7 Tw
(properties, and that he travels monthly to the Peaks to collect) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.56 Tw
(it from Indian Springs, which is lower on the mountain and) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.37 Tw
(to the west of the Snowbowl. The water there has particular) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.05 Tw
(significance to the Hualapai because the tribe's archaeological) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(sites are nearby. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
1.46 Tw
(In another Hualapai religious ceremony, when a baby has) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.3 Tw
(a difficult birth, a Hualapai spiritual leader brings a portion of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1 Tw
(the placenta to the Peaks so that the child will be strong like) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.43 Tw
(the twins and their mother in the Hualapai creation story. The) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.11 Tw
(Hualapai also grind up ponderosa pine needles from the Peaks) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(in sacred water from the Peaks to aid women in childbirth. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.77 Tw
(A Hualapai religious law forbids mixing the living and the) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.53 Tw
(dead. In testimony in the district court, a spiritual leader gave) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.92 Tw
(the example of washing a baby or planting corn immediately) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.17 Tw
(after taking part in a death ceremony. Mixing the two will) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3 Tw
(cause a condition that was translated into English as ) Tj
(the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.14 Tw
(ghost sickness.) Tj
( The leader testified that purification after) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.44 Tw
(touching death) Tj
( depends on the intensity of the encounter. If) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.25 Tw
(he had just touched the dead person's clothes or belongings,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.39 Tw
(he might be purified in four days, but if he touched a body,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(it would require a month. ) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
428.5 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(10115) Tj
-178.3963 0 Td
(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. USFS) Tj
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100.248 -8.4 Td
1.2 Tw
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(\(4\)) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(The Havasupai) Tj
-88.248 -28.3 Td
.07 Tw
(The Peaks are similarly central to the beliefs of the Havasu-) Tj
-12 -14.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(pai, as the Forest Service acknowledged in the FEIS: ) Tj
22 -28.3 Td
1 Tw
(The Hualapai and the Havasupai perceive the world) Tj
0 -14.3 Td
2.14 Tw
(as flat, marked in the center by the San Francisco) Tj
0 -14.3 Td
.07 Tw
(Peaks, which were visible from all parts of the Hava-) Tj
0 -14.3 Td
.95 Tw
(supai territory except inside the Grand Canyon. The) Tj
0 -14.3 Td
8.2 Tw
(commanding presence of the Peaks probably) Tj
0 -14.3 Td
1.25 Tw
(accounts for the Peaks being central to the Havasu-) Tj
0 -14.3 Td
3.42 Tw
(pai beliefs and traditions, even though the Peaks) Tj
0 -14.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(themselves are on the edge of their territory. ) Tj
-22 -28.3 Td
0 Tw
(The Chairman of the Havasupai testified that the Peaks are the) Tj
0 -14.3 Td
1.88 Tw
(most sacred religious site of the Havasupai: ) Tj
(That is where) Tj
0 -14.3 Td
1.63 Tw
(life began.) Tj
( The Havasupai believe that when the earth was) Tj
0 -14.3 Td
2.05 Tw
(submerged in water, the tribe's ) Tj
(grandmother) Tj
( floated on a) Tj
0 -14.3 Td
.42 Tw
(log and landed and lived on the Peaks, where she survived on) Tj
0 -14.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(water from the Peaks' springs and founded the tribe. ) Tj
12 -28.2 Td
.44 Tw
(Water is central to the religious practices of the Havasupai.) Tj
-12 -14.2 Td
2.63 Tw
(Although they do not travel to the Peaks to collect water,) Tj
0 -14.2 Td
.33 Tw
(Havasupai tribal members testified that they believe the water) Tj
0 -14.2 Td
.51 Tw
(in the Havasu creek that they use in their sweat lodges comes) Tj
0 -14.2 Td
2.55 Tw
(ultimately from the Peaks, to which they pray daily. They) Tj
0 -14.2 Td
2.63 Tw
(believe that spring water is a living, life-giving, pure sub-) Tj
0 -14.2 Td
1.2 Tw
(stance, and they do not use tap water in their religious prac-) Tj
0 -14.2 Td
3.57 Tw
(tices. They perform sweat lodge ceremonies, praying and) Tj
0 -14.2 Td
2.93 Tw
(singing as they use the spring water to make steam; they) Tj
0 -14.2 Td
.36 Tw
(believe that the steam is the breath of their ancestors, and that) Tj
0 -14.2 Td
1.58 Tw
(by taking it into themselves they are purified, cleansed, and) Tj
0 -14.2 Td
.19 Tw
(healed. They give water to the dead to take with them on their) Tj
0 -14.2 Td
1.81 Tw
(journey, and they use it to make medicines. The Havasupai) Tj
0 -14.2 Td
1.2 Tw
(also gather rocks from the Peaks to use for making steam. ) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
156 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(10116) Tj
94.1037 0 Td
(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. USFS) Tj
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(ii.) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(The Burden Imposed by the Proposed Snowbowl) Tj
107.094 -13 Td
(Expansion) Tj
-112.668 -26 Td
.92 Tw
(Under the proposed expansion of the Snowbowl, up to 1.5) Tj
-12 -13 Td
1.58 Tw
(million gallons per day of treated sewage effluent would be) Tj
0 -13 Td
.42 Tw
(sprayed on Humphrey's Peak from November through Febru-) Tj
0 -13 Td
3.78 Tw
(ary. Depending on weather conditions, substantially more) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.36 Tw
(than 100 million gallons of effluent could be deposited over) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(the course of the winter ski season. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.4 Tw
(The Indians claim that the use of treated sewage effluent to) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.66 Tw
(make artificial snow on the Peaks would substantially burden) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
4.47 Tw
(their exercise of religion. Because the Indians' religious) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.18 Tw
(beliefs and practices are not uniform, the precise burdens on) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2 Tw
(religious exercise vary among the Appellants. Nevertheless,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.06 Tw
(the burdens fall roughly into two categories: \(1\) the inability) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.96 Tw
(to perform a particular religious ceremony, because the cere-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
0 Tw
(mony requires collecting natural resources from the Peaks that) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.91 Tw
(would be too contaminated physically, spiritually, or both) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.6 Tw
( for sacramental use; and \(2\) the inability to maintain daily) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.41 Tw
(and annual religious practices comprising an entire way of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.8 Tw
(life, because the practices require belief in the mountain's) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.53 Tw
(purity or a spiritual connection to the mountain that would be) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(undermined by the contamination. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
1 Tw
(The first burden the inability to perform religious cere-) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
5.1 Tw
(monies because of contaminated resources has been) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.12 Tw
(acknowledged and described at length by the Forest Service.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.24 Tw
(The FEIS summarizes: ) Tj
(Snowmaking and expansion of facili-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.25 Tw
(ties, especially the use of reclaimed water, would contaminate) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.83 Tw
(the natural resources needed to perform the required ceremo-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
(nies that have been, and continue to be, the basis for the cul-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.67 Tw
(tural identity for many of these tribes.) Tj
( Further, ) Tj
(the use of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.2 Tw
(reclaimed water is believed by the tribes to be impure and) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.7 Tw
(would have an irretrievable impact on the use of the soil,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.57 Tw
(plants, and animals for medicinal and ceremonial purposes) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
5.37 Tw
(throughout the entire Peaks, as the whole mountain is) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(regarded as a single, living entity.) Tj
( ) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
428.5 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(10117) Tj
-178.3963 0 Td
(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. USFS) Tj
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12 -8.4 Td
2.32 Tw
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(Three Navajo practitioners' testimony at trial echoed the) Tj
-12 -13 Td
1.75 Tw
(Forest Service's assessment in describing how the proposed) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.1 Tw
(action would prevent them from performing various ceremo-) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.25 Tw
(nies. Larry Foster, a Navajo practitioner who is training to) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.18 Tw
(become a medicine man, testified that ) Tj
(once water is tainted) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.33 Tw
(and if water comes from mortuaries or hospitals, for Navajo) Tj
0 -13 Td
.67 Tw
(there's no words to say that that water can be reclaimed.) Tj
( He) Tj
0 -13 Td
3 Tw
(further testified that he objected to the current use of the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.15 Tw
(Peaks as a ski area, but that using treated sewage effluent to) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.74 Tw
(make artificial snow on the Peaks would be ) Tj
(far more seri-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.64 Tw
(ous. He explained, ) Tj
(I can live with a scar as a human being.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.75 Tw
(But if something is injected into my body that is foreign, a) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.3 Tw
(foreign object and reclaimed water, in my opinion, could) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.52 Tw
(be water that's reclaimed through sewage, wastewater, comes) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
4 Tw
(from mortuaries, hospitals, there could be disease in the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.24 Tw
(waters and that would be like injecting me and my mother,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.18 Tw
(my grandmother, the Peaks, with impurities, foreign matter) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(that's not natural.) Tj
( ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.48 Tw
(Foster testified that if treated sewage effluent were used on) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.1 Tw
(the Peaks he would no longer be able to go on the pilgrimages) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.63 Tw
(to the Peaks that are necessary to rejuvenate the medicine) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.04 Tw
(bundles, which are, in turn, a part of every Navajo healing) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(ceremony. He explained:) Tj
22 -26 Td
(Your Honor, our way of life, our culture we live in) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.51 Tw
( we live in the blessingway, in harmony. We try) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.84 Tw
(to walk in harmony, be in harmony with all of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.57 Tw
(nature. And we go to all of the sacred mountains for) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.78 Tw
(protection. We go on a pilgrimage similar to Mus-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.1 Tw
(lims going to Mecca. And we do this with so much) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.8 Tw
(love, commitment and respect. And if one mountain) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.58 Tw
( and more in particularly with the San Francisco) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.75 Tw
(Peaks which is our bundle mountain, or sacred,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.12 Tw
(bundle mountain, were to be poisoned or given for-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.74 Tw
(eign materials that were not pure, it would create an) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1 Tw
(imbalance there would not be a place among the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.74 Tw
(sacred mountains. We would not be able to go there) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
156 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(10118) Tj
94.1037 0 Td
(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. USFS) Tj
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(to obtain herbs or medicines to do our ceremonies,) Tj
0 -13 Td
.18 Tw
(because that mountain would then become impure. It) Tj
0 -13 Td
.77 Tw
(would not be pure anymore. And it would be a dev-) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
(astation for our people. ) Tj
-10 -26 Td
1.95 Tw
(Appellant Navajo medicine man Norris Nez testified that) Tj
-12 -13 Td
1.52 Tw
(the proposed action would prevent him from practicing as a) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.23 Tw
(medicine man. He told the district court that the presence of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.12 Tw
(treated sewage effluent would ) Tj
(ruin) Tj
( his medicine, which he) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.66 Tw
(makes from plants collected from the Peaks. He also testified) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.25 Tw
(that he would be unable to perform the fundamental Blessing-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
4.85 Tw
(way ceremony, because ) Tj
(all [medicine] bundles will be) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(affected and we will have nothing to use eventually.) Tj
( ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.32 Tw
(Foster, Nez, and Navajo practitioner Steven Begay testified) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.4 Tw
(that because they believe the mountain is an indivisible living) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.52 Tw
(entity, the entire mountain would be contaminated even if the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.47 Tw
(millions of gallons of treated sewage effluent are put onto) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.3 Tw
(only one area of the Peaks. According to Foster, Nez, and) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.33 Tw
(Begay, there would be contamination even on those parts of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.11 Tw
(the Peaks where the effluent would not come into physical) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.75 Tw
(contact with particular plants or ceremonial areas. To them,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.26 Tw
(the contamination is not literal in the sense that a scientist) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.08 Tw
(would use the term. Rather, the contamination represents the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.85 Tw
(poisoning of a living being. In Foster's words, ) Tj
([I]f someone) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.1 Tw
(were to get a prick or whatever from a contaminated needle,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.66 Tw
(it doesn't matter what the percentage is, your whole body) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.24 Tw
(would then become contaminated. And that's what would) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.33 Tw
(happen to the mountain.) Tj
( In Nez's words, ) Tj
(All of it is holy.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.3 Tw
(It is like a body. It is like our body. Every part of it is holy) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.07 Tw
(and sacred.) Tj
( In Begay's words, ) Tj
(All things that occur on the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.81 Tw
(mountain are a part of the mountain, and so they will have) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(connection to it. We don't separate the mountain.) Tj
( ) Tj
12 -26 Td
2.91 Tw
(The Hualapai also presented evidence that the proposed) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
2.32 Tw
(action would prevent them from performing particular reli-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.61 Tw
(gious ceremonies. Frank Mapatis, a Hualapai practitioner and) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.66 Tw
(spiritual leader who visits the Peaks approximately once a) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
428.5 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(10119) Tj
-178.3963 0 Td
(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. USFS) Tj
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1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm
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0 -8.4 Td
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(month to collect water for ceremonies and plants for medi-) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.93 Tw
(cine, testified that the use of treated sewage effluent would) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.67 Tw
(prevent him from performing Hualapai sweat lodge and heal-) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.22 Tw
(ing ceremonies with the sacred water from the Peaks. Mapatis) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
3.83 Tw
(testified that he believes that the treated sewage effluent) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
2.66 Tw
(would seep into the ground and into the spring below the) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
2.96 Tw
(Snowbowl where he collects his sacred water, so that the) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
5.47 Tw
(spring water would be ) Tj
(contaminated) Tj
( by having been) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.3 Tw
(touched with death.) Tj
( Because contact between the living and) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.04 Tw
(the dead induces ) Tj
(ghost sickness,) Tj
( which involves hallucina-) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.53 Tw
(tions, using water touched with death in healing ceremonies) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.81 Tw
(would be like malpractice.) Tj
( Further, Mapatis would become) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.33 Tw
(powerless to perform the healing ceremony for ghost sickness) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.42 Tw
(itself, because that ceremony requires water from the Peaks,) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.63 Tw
(the only medicine for illnesses of the upper body and head,) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(like hallucinations. ) Tj
12 -26.7 Td
1.75 Tw
(The second burden the proposed action would impose ) Tj
-12 -13.5 Td
.08 Tw
(undermining the Indians' religious faith, practices, and way of) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.73 Tw
(life by desecrating the Peaks' purity is also shown in the) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
3.3 Tw
(record. The Hopi presented evidence that the presence of) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.81 Tw
(treated sewage effluent on the Peaks would fundamentally) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.33 Tw
(undermine all of their religious practices because their way of) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.09 Tw
(life, or ) Tj
(beliefway,) Tj
( is largely based on the idea that the Peaks) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.3 Tw
(are a pure source of their rains and the home of the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Katsinam) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(.) Tj
12 -26.7 Td
2.83 Tw
(Leigh Kuwanwisiwma, a Hopi religious practitioner and) Tj
-12 -13.4 Td
5.52 Tw
(the director of the tribe's Cultural Preservation Office,) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.78 Tw
(explained the connection between contaminating the Peaks) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(and undermining the Hopi religion:) Tj
22 -26.6 Td
2.42 Tw
(The spiritual covenant that the Hopi clans entered) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.04 Tw
(into with the Caretaker I refer to as Ma'saw, the spir-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.41 Tw
(itual person and the other d[ei]ties that reside and) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.14 Tw
(the Katsina that reside in the Peaks started out with) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.03 Tw
(the mountains being in their purest form. They didn't) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(have any real intrusion by humanity. ) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
156 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(10120) Tj
94.1037 0 Td
(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. USFS) Tj
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9 Tw
( ) Tj
.88 Tw
(The purity of the spirits, as best we can acknowl-) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.03 Tw
(edge the spiritual domain, we feel were content in) Tj
0 -13 Td
3.53 Tw
(receiving the Hopi clans. So when you begin to) Tj
0 -13 Td
1 Tw
(intrude on that in a manner that is really disrespect-) Tj
0 -13 Td
.39 Tw
(ful to the Peaks and to the spiritual home of the Kat-) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.81 Tw
(sina, it affects the Hopi people. It affects the Hopi) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.21 Tw
(people, because as clans left and embarked on their) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.45 Tw
(migrations and later coming to the Hopi villages, we) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.25 Tw
(experienced still a mountain and peaks that were in) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.45 Tw
(their purest form as a place of worship to go to, to) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.46 Tw
(visit, to place our offerings, the tranquility, the sanc-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(tity that we left a long time ago was still there. ) Tj
-22 -26 Td
1.41 Tw
(Antone Honanie, a Hopi practitioner, testified that he would) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.83 Tw
(have difficulty preparing for religious ceremonies, because) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.47 Tw
(treated sewage effluent is ) Tj
(something you can't get out of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.06 Tw
(your mind when you're sitting there praying) Tj
( to the mountain,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.3 Tw
(a place where everything is supposed to be pure.) Tj
( Emory) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.77 Tw
(Sekaquaptewa, a Hopi tribal member and research anthropol-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.95 Tw
(ogist, testified that the desecration of the mountain would) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
4.42 Tw
(cause ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Katsinam) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( dance ceremonies to lose their religious) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.71 Tw
(value. They would ) Tj
(simply be a performance for perfor-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.42 Tw
(mance['s] sake) Tj
( rather than ) Tj
(a religious effort) Tj
(: ) Tj
(Hopi people) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.24 Tw
(are raised in this belief that the mountains are a revered place.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.96 Tw
(And even though they begin with kind of a fantasy notion,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.67 Tw
(this continues to grow into a more deeper spiritual sense of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.25 Tw
(the mountain. So that any thing that interrupts this perception,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.09 Tw
(as they hold it, would tend to undermine the the integrity) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(in which they hold the mountain.) Tj
( ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.18 Tw
(Summarizing the Hopi's testimony, the district court wrote:) Tj
10 -26 Td
.75 Tw
(The individual Hopi's practice of the Hopi way per-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.25 Tw
(meates every part and every day of the individual's) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.27 Tw
(life from birth to death. . . . The Hopi Plaintiffs testi-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3 Tw
(fied that the proposed upgrades to the Snowbowl) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.38 Tw
(have affected and will continue to negatively affect) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.52 Tw
(the way they think about the Peaks, the Kachina and) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
428.5 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(10121) Tj
-178.3963 0 Td
(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. USFS) Tj
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(themselves when preparing for any religious activity) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.5 Tw
(involving the Peaks and the Kachina from daily) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.18 Tw
(morning prayers to the regular calendar of religious) Tj
0 -13 Td
.6 Tw
(dances that occur throughout the year. . . . The Hopi) Tj
0 -13 Td
0 Tw
(Plaintiffs also testified that this negative effect on the) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.14 Tw
(practitioners' frames of mind due to the continued) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.75 Tw
(and increased desecration of the home of the Kachi-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.36 Tw
(nas will undermine the Hopi faith and the Hopi way.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.75 Tw
(According to the Hopi, the Snowbowl upgrades will) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.52 Tw
(undermine the Hopi faith in daily ceremonies and) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.75 Tw
(undermine the Hopi faith in their Kachina ceremo-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.63 Tw
(nies as well as their faith in the blessings of life that) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(they depend on the Kachina to bring. ) Tj
-22 -26 Td
(408 F. Supp. 2d at 894-95. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
3.48 Tw
(The Havasupai presented evidence that the presence of) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.28 Tw
(treated sewage effluent on the Peaks would, by contaminating) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.52 Tw
(the Peaks, undermine their sweat lodge purification ceremo-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.33 Tw
(nies and could lead to the end of the ceremonies. Rex Tilousi,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.57 Tw
(Chairman of the Havasupai, testified that Havasupai religious) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.1 Tw
(stories teach that the water in Havasu Creek, which they use) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.37 Tw
(for their sweat ceremonies, flows from the Peaks, where the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.21 Tw
(Havasupai believe life began. Although none of the three) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3 Tw
(Havasupai witnesses stated that they would be completely) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.55 Tw
(unable to perform the sweat lodge ceremonies as a conse-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.04 Tw
(quence of the impurity introduced by the treated sewage efflu-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.95 Tw
(ent, Roland Manakaja, a traditional practitioner, testified that) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(the impurity would disrupt the ceremony: ) Tj
22 -26 Td
2.15 Tw
(If I was to take the water to sprinkle the rocks to) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.44 Tw
(bring the breath of our ancestors we believe the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.47 Tw
(steam is the breath of our ancestors. And the rocks) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.03 Tw
(placed in the west signify where our ancestors go,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(the deceased. . . . Once the steam rises, like it does) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.02 Tw
(on the Peaks, the fog or the steam that comes off is) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.22 Tw
(creation. And once the steam comes off and it comes) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.7 Tw
(into our being, it purifies and cleanses us and we go) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
156 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(10122) Tj
94.1037 0 Td
(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. USFS) Tj
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(to the level of trance. . . . It's going to impact men-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.87 Tw
(tally my spirituality. Every time I think about sprin-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.84 Tw
(kling that water on the rocks, I'm going to always) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.83 Tw
(think about this sewer that they're using to recharge) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(the aquifer. ) Tj
-22 -25.3 Td
1.3 Tw
(He further testified that he was ) Tj
(concerned) Tj
( that the water's) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1 Tw
(perceived impurity might cause the sweat lodge ceremony to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
0 Tw
(die out altogether, if tribal members fear ) Tj
(breathing the organ-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(isms or the chemicals that may come off the steam.) Tj
( ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.18 Tw
(The record supports the conclusion that the proposed use of) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
2.66 Tw
(treated sewage effluent on the San Francisco Peaks would) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2 Tw
(impose a burden on the religious exercise of all four tribes) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.55 Tw
(discussed above the Navajo, the Hopi, the Hualapai, and) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.52 Tw
(the Havasupai. However, on the record before us, that burden) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.16 Tw
(falls most heavily on the Navajo and the Hopi. The Forest) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.6 Tw
(Service itself wrote in the FEIS that the Peaks are the most) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.07 Tw
(sacred place of both the Navajo and the Hopi; that those) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.25 Tw
(tribes' religions have revolved around the Peaks for centuries;) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.91 Tw
(that their religious practices require pure natural resources) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.41 Tw
(from the Peaks; and that, because their religious beliefs dic-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.79 Tw
(tate that the mountain be viewed as a whole living being, the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.58 Tw
(treated sewage effluent would in their view contaminate the) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
3.05 Tw
(natural resources throughout the Peaks. Navajo Appellants) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.6 Tw
(presented evidence in the district court that, were the pro-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.3 Tw
(posed action to go forward, contamination by the treated sew-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
4.24 Tw
(age effluent would prevent practitioners from making or) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.33 Tw
(rejuvenating medicine bundles, from making medicine, and) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
3.05 Tw
(from performing the Blessingway and healing ceremonies.) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.62 Tw
(Hopi Appellants presented evidence that, were the proposed) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.71 Tw
(action to go forward, contamination by the effluent would) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.41 Tw
(fundamentally undermine their entire system of belief and the) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.37 Tw
(associated practices of song, worship, and prayer, that depend) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.97 Tw
(on the purity of the Peaks, which is the source of rain and) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(their livelihoods and the home of the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Katsinam) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( spirits.) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -25.3 Td
1.96 Tw
(In light of this showing, it is self-evident that the Snow-) Tj
-12 -12.8 Td
1.33 Tw
(bowl expansion prevents the Navajo and Hopi ) Tj
(from engag-) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
428.5 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(10123) Tj
-178.3963 0 Td
(N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(AVAJO) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( N) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ATION) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. USFS) Tj
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.69 Tw
(Cir. 1996\) \(citing ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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(son) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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(e.g.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 470 F.3d 1240, 1247) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(n.2 \(8th Cir. 2006\). ) Tj
12 -26.6 Td
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-12 -13.4 Td
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( Maj.) Tj
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1.11 Tw
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0 -13.4 Td
3.32 Tw
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(explain) Tj
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0 -13.4 Td
.72 Tw
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0 -13.4 Td
7.47 Tw
(the Possibility of Children Eating Snow Made from) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.66 Tw
(Reclaimed Water.) Tj
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(This) Tj
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() Tj
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( ) Tj
1.18 Tw
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
-22 -26.7 Td
([) Tj
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(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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.33 Tw
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(Id. ) Tj
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12 -26.7 Td
1.87 Tw
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0 -13.4 Td
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0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
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12 -26.7 Td
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122.832 -26 Td
(B.) Tj
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( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
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1.71 Tw
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( ) Tj
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 177) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.06 Tw
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1.28 Tw
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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( ) Tj
1.61 Tw
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(Id.) Tj
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( ) Tj
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3.94 Tw
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(original\) \(quoting ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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2.55 Tw
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() Tj
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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2.18 Tw
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(A) Tj
(+) Tj
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( The) Tj
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1.61 Tw
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(+) Tj
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6.28 Tw
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3.51 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.52 Tw
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1.66 Tw
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.66 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
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0 -13.1 Td
1.32 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
2.9 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
9.25 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
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(Dinoseb, Diquat, Endothall, Epichlorohydrin, Ethylene dibro-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.83 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
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12 -26 Td
2.61 Tw
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3.3 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
2.77 Tw
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3.83 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
.9 Tw
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(an order) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.38 Tw
(of magnitude decrease in concentration of solutes.) Tj
( Thus,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
4.88 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
2.58 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
3.12 Tw
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1.2 Tw
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12 -26 Td
2.25 Tw
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([Question:] In areas where reclaimed water is pres-) Tj
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() Tj
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( Ariz. Admin. Code ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(R18-9-) Tj
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(40 C.F.R. ) Tj
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(ble ingestion of artificial snow made from treated sewage) Tj
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(effluent. ) Tj
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(III.) Tj
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