SISSETON-WAHPETON SIOUX TRIBE
CHAPTER 11
REAL PROPERTY
11-01-01 ACTIONS FOR FORECLOSURE OF REAL PROPERTY MORTGAGES
11-01-02 Venue of Foreclosure Action
Action for-the foreclosures or satisfaction of mortgages of land located within
the original boundaries of the Lake Traverse -Reservation where an Indian of
the Tribe is the mortgagor, may be brought in Tribal Court, and in case any
defendant is not a resident of the Reservation, process may be served on him
in accordance with section 11-01-03, or such other manner as may be prescribed
by the Court.
11-01-03 Service by Publication on Nonresident - Absent or Unknown
Defendants
If the defendant be a nonresident of the Reservation, or absent or concealed
or if he is a resident of the Reservation and after due diligence, cannot be
found in the Reservation, service may be made by publication in the manner prescribed
in ordinary civil actions, but no additional lien on,or seizure of property
other than that contained in the mortgage resulting from commencing foreclosure
thereof shall be necessary to obtain jurisdiction of the persons served with
process by publication. If the mortgagor or any other proper party defendant
is deceased, service upon unknown heirs, devisee, legatees, administrators,
executors, creditors, and unknown persons, who might have a right of redemption
from the mortgage, may be made by publication. Publication shall be at least
once each week, for four successive weeks in a newspaper of the Reservation
or such other newspaper designated by the Court. Every publication notice must
specify:
1. The names of the mortgagor and mortgagee, and the assignee, if any;
2. The date of the mortgage;
3. The amount claimed to be due thereon at the date of the notice;
4. A description of the mortgaged premises, conforming substantially to that
contained in the mortgage; and
5. The time and place for answering the foreclosure action.
11-01-04 Joinder, as Party Defendant of Person Liable on Debt Secured.
Deficiency
Judgement Against Person Liable
If the mortgage debt be secured by the obligation, or other evidence of debt,
of any other person
than the mortgagor, the plaintiff may make such other person a party to the
action, and the Court
may render judgement for the balance of such debt remaining unsatisfied against
such other
person as against the mortgagor, and may enforce such judgement as in other
cases by execution
or other process.
11-01-05 Previous Actions for Collection of Debts-to be Disclosed
by Complain
In an action for the foreclosure or satisfaction of a mortgage, the complaint
shall state whether
any proceedings have been had at law or otherwise for the recovery of the debt
secured by such
mortgage or any part secured by such mortgage or any part thereof; and if there
has, whether any
and what part thereof has been collected.
11-01-06 Foreclosure not Permitted After Money Judgement Unless Execution
Returned
Unsatisfied
If it appears that any judgement has been obtained in an action at law for the
moneys demanded
by such complaint, or any part thereof, no proceedings shall be had in such
case unless an
execution against the property of the defendant in such judgement has been issued,
and the Clerk
of Court shall have made return that the execution is unsatisfied in whole or
in part; and that the
defendant has no property whereon to satisfy such execution.
11-01-07 Proceedings at Law Not Had While Foreclosure Action Pending
After action for foreclosure shall be commenced, while the same is pending,
no proceeding at law
shall be had for the recovery of the debt secured by the mortgage, or any part
thereof, unless
authorized by the Court.
11-01-08 Injunction to Restrain Injury to Property During Existence
of Lien or Foreclosure
The Court may, by injunction, on good cause shown, restrain the party in possession
from doing
any act to the injury of real property during the existence of a mortgage thereon,
and until the
expiration of the time allowed for redemption.
11-01-09 Dismissal of Complaint on Payment Into Court of Installments
Then Due
Whenever an action shall be commenced for the foreclosure of a mortgage upon
which there shall
be due any interest or any portion of installment of the principal, and there
shall be other portions
or installments to become due subsequently, the complaint shall be dismissed
upon the defendant
bringing into Court at any time before entry of judgement, the principal and
interest due, with
costs and disbursements.
11-01-10 Examination of Premises on Judgement for Plaintiff
If the defendant shall not bring into Court, the amount due with costs, or if,
for any other cause, a
judgement or decree shall be entered for the plaintiff; the Court may appoint
a referee to ascertain
and report the situation of the mortgaged, premises, or may determine the same
on oral or
other testimony.
11-01-12 Stay of Further Proceedings on Payment Before Sale of Installments-
Then Due.
Enforcement of Judgement on Subsequent Default
If any time before sale, the defendant shall bring into Court the principal
and interest due, with
costs, the proceedings in the foreclosure action shall be stayed until a further
default in the
judgement of any of the installments, or any par thereof, of such mortgage.
The Court may
enforce by order or other process the collection of such subsequent installments.
11-01-13 Sale by Parcels to Pay Delinquent Installments. Subsequent
Sales on Later Default
If it shall appear that the mortgaged premises can be sold in parcels without
injury to the interests
of the parties, the decree must direct so much of the mortgaged premises to
be sold as will be
sufficient to pay the amount then due on such mortgage, with costs, and such
judgement or
decree shall remain as security for any subsequent default. In such cases if
there shall be any
default subsequent to such judgement or decree, in the payment of any portion
or installment of
the principal or any interest due upon such mortgage, the Court may, upon the'
application of the
plaintiff, by a further order founded upon such first judgement or decree, direct
the sale of so
much of the mortgaged premises to be made, under such decree, as will be sufficient
to satisfy the
amount due, with costs of he application and the subsequent proceedings thereon;
and the same
proceedings may be had as often as a default happens.
11-01-14 Sale of Entire Tract and Payments of Installments Due. Investments
and Payment
of Subsequent Installments to Plaintiff. Surplus for Benefit of Defendant
If, in any of the foregoing cases, it shall appear to the Court that the mortgaged
premises are so
situated that a sale of the whole will be most beneficial to the parties, the
judgement or decree
must, in the first instance, be entered for the sale of the whole premises accordingly.
In such
cases, the proceeds of such sale must be applied as well to the interest or
portion or installment of
the principal due as toward the whole or residue of the sum secured by such
mortgage and not
due and payable at the time of such sale, and if such residue does not bear
interest, then the Court
may direct the same to be paid with a rebate of the legal interest for the time
during which such
residue shall not be due and payable, or the court may direct the balance of
the proceedings of
such- sale, after paying sum due, with costs to be put at interest for the benefit
of the plaintiff, to
be paid to him as the installments or portions of the principal or interest
may become due, and the
surplus for the benefit of the defendant, his representative, or assignees,
to be paid to them by
order of-the-Court.
11-01-15 Judgement of Foreclosure and Sale of Premises. Sales bar
Parcels. Delivery of
Possession Deferred During Period of Redemption
Whenever an action shall be brought for the foreclosure or satisfaction of a
mortgage, the Court
shall have power to render judgement against the mortgagor for the amount of
the mortgage debt
due at the time of the rendition of such judgement, and the costs of the action,
and to order the
decree a sale of the mortgaged premises, or such part thereof as may be sufficient
to gay the
amount adjudged to be due, and costs of sale, and shall have power to direct
in what parcels the
premises shall be offered, and the order in which they shall be offered further
to direct that if there
be no bid for any parcel or parcels offered, such parcel or parcels may be sold
with any other
parcel not yet sold, in one parcel; and shall have the power to order and compel
the delivery of the possession of the premises to the purchaser; but in no case
under this Chapter shall the possession of the premises so sold be delivered
to the purchaser or person entitled thereto, until after the expiration of the
period of redemption.
11-01-16 Officer by Whom Sale Made. Place and Notice of Sale. Levy
on Execution Not
Required.
1. All sales of mortgaged premises under an order and decree of foreclosure
must be made
by the Clerk of Court, who shall cause public notice thereof to be given by
advertisement
published in a legal newspaper, published within the Lake Traverse Reservation,
once each week
for four (4j consecutive weeks, prior to the date of sale. If publication is
made upon at least on
day in each calendar week, the same shall be sufficient, even though more or
less than seven days
may intervene between publications. If no newspaper is published in such country,
the notice must
be published in the nearest legal newspaper likely to give notice, and the designation
of such
newspaper by the Clerk of Courts, and subsequent confirmation of the sale by
the Court, shall be
conclusive as to such designated newspaper being the proper paper for such publication
of such
notice thereof.
2. The notice of foreclosure sale of mortgaged real property must state the
title of the
proceedings under which it is made. The decree, order, or execution which is
authorized for the
sale, must be named and referred to by the date thereof; the amount of the judgement
or other lien
upon which sale is to be made; the legal description of the property to be sold;
that such sale will
be made to the highest bidder for cash; whether there are prior liens so far
as can be ascertained
for the records; that the property is sold subject to redemption; and the time
and place of the sale.
3. Time and Place of Real Property Sales - Judicial sales of real estate may
be held on any
day except Sunday and must be held between the hours of nine o'clock (9:00 a.m.)
in the forenoon
and four o'clock (4:00 p.m.) in the afternoon. Such sales shall be held at the
Tribal Court.
4. No levy on mortgaged real estate under the execution shall be required and
the Clerk of
Court may proceed to advertise and sell it upon receipt of the execution without
further
proceedings.
11-01-17 Purchase by Mortgagee at Sale. Fair and Reasonable Bid Required
In any foreclosure of a mortgage upon real estate by action, the mortgagee,
his assignees, or their
legal representative, may purchase the premises, or any part thereof, at such
foreclosure sale,
providing he bids fairly and in good faith and bids the fair and reasonable
value thereof.
11-01-18 Proof Required of Mortgagee Bidding Less Than Amount of
Debt. Court Decree
Permitting Bid. Execution for Deficiency
If the holder of such mortgage is not willing, at such sale, to bid the full
amount of the judgement
debt, it shall be the duty of such mortgage holder to establish at the time
of the trial, by competent
proof to the satisfaction of the Court, the fair and reasonable value of the
mortgaged premises,
and the Court shall determine the same in its decree; and if the Court shall
find such fair and
reasonable value to be less than the sum due on said mortgage, with costs and
expenses of sale, it
may by such decree authorize such mortgage holder to bid not less than the fair
and reasonable
value as thus determined, and if a deficiency remains after the foreclosure
sale, such mortgagee or
his assignees, shall be entitled to a general execution for such deficiency
only upon application to
the Court in which the judgement was rendered.
11-01-19 Foreclosure as Complete Satisfaction Debt
Except as provided by section 11-01-18, the foreclosure by action of a mortgage
upon real estate shall operate as a complete extinguishment, satisfaction and
payment of the debt, secured by such mortgage
11-01-20 Application of Proceeds of Sale Investment of Unclaimed
Surplus
It shall be the duty of the Clerk of Court, who conducts any such to apply the
proceeds as
follows:
1. To the payment of the costs and expenses of the sale;
2. To the payment of the costs and disbursements taxed in the action at which
the sale is made;
3. To the discharge of the debt adjudged by the Court to be due; and
4. To pay the surplus, if any, into Court for the use of the defendant or the
person entitled
thereto, subject to the order of the Court.
11-01-21 If such surplus or any part thereof shall remain in court for
the term of three (3)
months without being applied for, the Court may direct the same to put out at
interest for the
benefit of the defendant, his representative, or assignees, subject to the order
of the
Court.
11-01-22 Cancellation or Endorsement of Evidence of Debt on Application
of Proceeds of
Sale
When the proceeds of sale are sufficient to pay the costs and disbursements
and the entire debt
adjudged to be due, the Clerk of Court shall cancel the note, bond, mortgage,
or other evidence of he debt upon which the judgement is founded, by a plain
and legible notation of the fact thereof,
and such note or evidence shall be attached to and filed with the return upon
the execution; when
the proceeds are insufficient for that purpose, the amount applied on the debt
shall be endorsed on
such note or other evidence with the date of the application, by the person
of officer making the
sale, or by the Clerk of Court, and such note or other evidence, so endorsed,
shall be attached to
and made a part of the return on the execution.
11-01-23 Execution For Balance Unsatisfied by Proceeds of Sale
Subject to the provisions of sections 11-01-18 to 11-01-19, inclusive of this
Section, the Court
may direct the issuing of an execution for the balance that may remain unsatisfied,
after applying
the proceeds of such sale.
1l-01-24 Certificate of Sale Issued to Purchaser
Whenever any real property shall be sold under an order, decree, or judgement
of foreclosure,
under the provisions of this Chapter, the Clerk of Court shall give to the purchaser
a certificate of
sale, containing:
1. A recital of the: fact of the: sale, stating the time and place, and the
name of the purchaser;
2. A particular description of the real property sold;
3. The price bid for each distinct lot or parcel; arid
4. The whole price paid;
11-01-25 The certificate must be executed and acknowledged and shall
be recorded in the
office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Sisseton Agency, within ten (10) days
from the date of sale.
11-01-26 Redemption Procedure
The redemption of real property upon foreclosure of mortgages by order, judgement,
or decree of
court shall be as provided by Section 11-02-01 of this Chapter.
11-01-27 Deed Issued on Expiration of Time for Redemption Person
Barred by Deed
At the expiration of the time for the redemption of such mortgaged premises,
if the same be not
redeemed, the person or officer making the sale, or his successor in office,
or other person
appointed by the Court, must make to the purchaser(s), their heirs or assignees,
or to any other
person acquiring the title of such premises, by redemption or otherwise, a deed
or deeds to such
premises which shall vest in the purchaser or other party entitled thereto,
the same estate that was
vested in the mortgagor at the time of the execution and delivery of the mortgage,
or at any time
thereafter; and such deed shall be as valid as if executed by the mortgagor
and mortgagee, and
shall be a complete bar against each.
11-02-01 REDEMPTION OF REAL PROPERTY FORECLOSURE
11-02-02 Redemption Defined. Sales Subject to Redemption
Redemption is the right to repay the amount paid for real property or any interest
therein, sold on
foreclosure of a real estate mortgage.
11-02-03 Waste Restrained During Period of Redemption. Use of Property
Not Considered
Waste
Until the expiration of the time for redemption, the Court may restrain the
commission of waste
on the property, by order granted with or without notice, on the application
of the purchaser or
the judgement creditor.
11-02-04 It is not waste for the person in possession of the property
at the time of the sale,
or entitled to possession afterwards, during the period allowed for redemption,
to continue to use
it in the same manner in which it was previously used, or in the ordinary course
of husbandry; or to use timber or other material on the property for the necessary
repair of buildings or fences thereon or fuel for his family while he occupies
the property.
11-02-05 Foreclosure and Execution Sales Subject to Redemption
The interests in real property-sold an foreclosure of a real estate mortgage
shall be sold
subject to redemption.
11-02-06 Persons Entitled to Redeem
The owner, mortgagor, or the successors of either, or the Sisseton-Wahpeton
Sioux Tribe, having
any interest in the property sold, shall have the right to redeem from a sale
of such property
described in section 11-02-02, in the manner hereinafter described. Such person
are denominated
redemptioner.
11-02-07 Distinction Between Redemptioner Abolished
Except as provided in Section 11-02-08, all distinction between owners and other
redemptioner is
abolished.
11-02-08 tribe's Right of Redemption. Time Allowed After Expiration
of Other Redemption
Periods
Whenever real property belonging to an individual is sold on foreclosure of
a mortgage, the
Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe shall have the option to match the highest bid
offered and to redeem such property.
11-02-09 The redemption rights of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe
shall be second only
to those of the owner, his grantee, or successor in interest who shall at all
times have the final
right to redeem after any and all redemptions as hereinafter provided shall
have been made; and
that right may be exercised by the owner, his grantee, or his successor in interest
within fifteen
(15) days after the expiration of all other rights to redeem. The purpose of
this Section is to
provide that the owner, any person to whom he has conveyed his title during
the redemption
period, and in the vent of his death, his successors in interest, shall possess
a final right to redeem.
11-02-10 Action to Redeem Separate Tract Sold in Combined Sale Determination
of
Amount Required for Redemption
When the property sold on foreclosure of a mortgage consists of two or more
separate farms,
tracts, lots, or parcels of land, which at the time of sale are owned by two
or more separate
owners, or are subject to separate mortgages, giving to any person the right
to redeem a separate property from the sale, and the property has not been sold
separately, and the person having the right to _ redeem one or more of the tracts
so sold, but less than the whole property sold, may bring an action in Tribal
Court to have a determination of the amount properly to be, paid by him to redeem
the properties as to which he claims the right to redemption. Such action must
be commenced within six (6) months after the date of the sale of the property.
In such action there shall be named as defendant, the holder of the certificate
of sale, the officer making the sale, and the record owners of-all the tracts
sold at such foreclosure.
11-02-11 Redemption to Redeem Entire Property
No owner or mortgage holder shall have the right under Section 11-OZ-10, to
redeem less than
the whole of the property owned by him or subject to mortgage.
11-02-12 Hearing and Determination of Amount Required to Redeem Separate
Tract.
Certificate of Redemption. Credit on Price Paid at Sale
The Court shall hear an action brought under Section 11-0210, and shall have
the power to
extend all time of redemption pending the determination of such action, and
by its decree shall
determine the amount required to redeem the lands described in the plaintiff's
complaint; and
adjudge that upon payment of such sum, a certificate of redemption shall issue
to plaintiff and the
amount paid by him shall be credited upon the price paid by the purchaser at
foreclosure of
execution sale, and the amount required to redeem the balance of the property
shall be reduced
accordingly.
11-02-13 Minimum Time Allowed for Redemption
All persons entitled to redeem shall in all cases have one (1) year from the
date of sale in which to
redeem.
11-02-14 Methods of Extending Time of Redemption. Execution and Recording
of
Agreement for Extension. Redemptioner Affected by Agreement
As to any redemptioner, the right of redemption shall exist for one (1) year
after the sale of the
property. The period of redemption herein limited may be extended in the manner
described in
Section 11-02-15, and may also be extended by a written agreement between the
purchaser of the property at a judicial sale of the class described in Section
11-02-02, and any redemptioner,
provided such agreement is in writing, signed and acknowledged by the purchaser
at such sale and
recorded in the office of the Clerk of Court, where the certificate of sale
was recorded, within one
(1) year from the date of sale, or within such further period as may be provided
by Section
11-02-15. When the time for redemption is extended by written contract as herein
provided, it
shall be extended in favor of all redemptioner whether they are parties to such
agreement or not.
11-02-15 Extension of Redemption Period by Payment of Amounts Then
Due Certificate of Redemption. Recording
If at or prior to the expiration of one year from the date of sale, any redemptioner
shall make the
following payments:
1. All taxes due on the land;
2. All interest due on the mortgage or judgement at the date of sale;
3. Interest at five percent (5A) for one (1) year from the date of sale upon
the total amount bid at
such sale;
4. Interest upon the principal of the mortgage, or the amount of the judgement,
for one (1)
year in advance, at the legal rate in the case of a judgement, and at the rate
originally provided for
in the mortgage before maturity in case of mortgages;
11-02-16 Then the time of redemption shall be extended for two (2) years
and such
extension shall operate in favor of all redemptioner.
11-02-17 Such payments shall be evidenced by the certificate of the
clerk of Courts or holder
of the certificate of sale, duly acknowledged, which shall be recorded in the
office of the Bureau
of Indian Affairs where the certificate of sale was recorded, and such certificate,
or the record
thereof, or a certified copy of the record, shall be conclusive proof of such
payment.
11-02-18 Amounts Required for Redemption From Sale. Superior Lien
of Purchaser
Included
Any redemptioner may redeem from the purchaser at any dale described in Section
11-02-02, by paying to the Clerk of Court, the amount of the purchase price,
plus any sums paid by the
purchaser to protect his interest in such property for insurance, installments
of principal or interest
upon a superior mortgage, with interest at the legal rate from the date of sale
upon the purchase
price of the property and from the date of the payment of any sum paid for insurance,
or
installments of principal or interest on a prior lien. If the purchase by the
holder of a mortgage
upon such real property other than the one under which sale was made, which
is superior to the
mortgage of the redemptioner, the redemptioner must likewise pay the amount
of such additional
mortgage, including interest to the date of payment.
11-02-19 Notice of Redemption Served on Purchaser or Clerk of Courts.
Contents. Payment. Recording of Notice
A redemptioner must serve upon he purchaser from whom he seeks to redeem, or
upon his
successor in interest, and upon the Clerk of Court, a written notice of redemption,
and a copy of
the record of the mortgage certified by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, together
with a certified copy of any assignment necessary to establish his claim, and
an affidavit by himself or his agent, showing the amount then actually due on
the mortgage and at the same time shall pay the Clerk of Court or the purchaser
direct, or their respective successor or assignee, the amount prescribed by
Section 11-02-18.
11-02-20 A duplicate of the notice of redemption with proof of the required service shall be forthwith filed for record with the Bureau-of Indian Affairs, Sisseton Agency, which Realty officer, shall record the same.
11-02-21 Proof of Interest Not Required as Part of Record No person named as a mortgagor in any mortgage need serve upon the Clerk of Court or person from whom he seeks to redeem, any proof of his interest in the real property to be redeemed.
11-02-22 Proof of Interest Required of Successor in Interest
The successor in interest of any person described in Section 11-02-21, must
serve upon the Clerk
of Court or person from whom he seeks to redeem, proof of his interest in such
real property.
11-02-23 Amounts Payable on Partial Redemptions
If there has been a partial redemption as provide by Section 11-02-15, redemptioner
are not
required to pay the owner any sum paid by him on such partial redemption; but
they are required
to pay such sum to any other redemptioner, who shall have a partial redemption.
11-02-24 Effect of Sale Terminated on Final Redemption by Owner
Where there has been full and f final redemption by the owner, effect of the
sale is terminated,
except in case of redemption by co-tenants.
11-02-25 Certificate of Redemption Issued by Clerk of Court. Contents
of Certificate.
Statement of Amount Required for Further Redemption
Upon making each redemption, the Clerk of Court shall execute to the person
making the
redemption, a certificate setting forth the fact of such redemption, the amount
paid by the redemptioner, including the debt for which the property was sold,
together with interest and insurance paid as required by this Chapter; which
certificate shall include a specific statement of the whole amount required
to be paid on redemption from such redemptioner.
11-02-26 Certificate of Final Redemption
If the debtor, his grantee, or successor in interest redeem, the Clerk of Court
must execute and
deliver to him a certificate of redemption duly acknowledged, reciting the facts
of such redemption.
11-02-27 Recordings of Certificates of Redemption
Any such certificate of redemption must be recorded in the Realty Office of
the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Sisseton Agency.
11-02-28 Redemption by CO-Tenants Other CO-Tenants Obligated to Contribute
When title to real property is subject to redemption and is held by CO-tenants,
one or more of such CO-tenants redeem, by paying the whole sum required to effect
the redemption. When redemption is made by one or more CO-tenants, all other
CO-tenants of the property become obligated to contribute their proportionate
shares of he sum paid by the redeeming CO-tenants, to effect redemption.
11-02-29 Service of Notice and Demand by Co-Tenant Making Redemption.
Notice of
Foreclosure by Failure to Contribute
CO-tenants making redemption shall forthwith serve upon all other CO-tenants
notice of the fact of such redemption together with a statement of the whole
amount paid to redeem and the proportionate amount each co-tenant is required
to pay to contribute his full share of the funds required to effect redemption,
which notice shall contain a demand that such CO-tenant, within sixty (60) days
from service of notice or within the remainder of the year of redemption, whichever
is longer, pay the amount of their proportionate share of such redemption, and
a further notice that if they shall fail to do so, they shall, at the expiration
of sixty (60) days or the expiration period, which ever is longer, be foreclosed
of all rights to or interest in the common property, and the CO-tenant making
redemption shall, as against all CO-tenants failing to contribute, be entitled
to deed to the common property.
11-02-30 Recording and Service of Notice by CO-Tenant Making Redemption.
Constructive Notice
The CO-tenant serving the notice required in Section 11-0229, shall forthwith
record the same, with proof of service thereof, in the Realty Office of the
Bureau of Indian Affairs Sisseton Agency. Such notice shall be served in like
manner as summons if a civil action is served. From the date of recording such
notice, all person shall be presumed to have notice of the fact of such redemption
by one more joint owners.
11-02-31 Delivery and Recording of Certificate to CO-Tenant Making
Contribution
Whenever a CO-tenant, pursuant to the notice mentioned in Section 11-02-29,
shall have paid his
proportionate share pursuant to such notice, the CO-tenant receiving such payment
shall deliver to the CO-tenant making-such payment a certificate reciting he
facts of such payment and shall record a duplicate thereof in the Realty Office
of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Sisseton Agency.
11-02-32 Restoration of Estate to CO-Tenant Making Contribution
A CO-tenant paying his proportionate share terminates as to his property the
effect of the sale and he stands restored to his estate in the property sold.
11-03-01 SEVERABILITY
If any clause, sentence, paragraph, section, or part of this code shall, for
any reason be adjudicated by any Court of competent jurisdiction, to be invalid
or unconstitutional, such judgement shall not affect, impair, or invalidate
the remainder thereof, but shall be confined in its operation to the clause,
sentence, paragraph, section, or part thereof directly involved in the controversy
in which the judgement shall have been rendered.