Law and Order Code of the Fort McDowell Yavapai Community, Arizona

CHAPTER 16 - TRAFFIC AND MOTOR VEHICLES

 

Art. I. In General, § 16-1 - 16-30

Art. II. Registration, Licensing and Inspection, §§ 16-31 - 16-50

Art. III. Equipment, §§ 16-51 - 16-100

Div. 1. Generally, §§ 16-51 - 16-70

Div. 2. Lights, Lamps, Reflectors and Illuminating Devises, §§ 16-71 - 16-100

Art. IV. Size, Weight and Load, §§ 16-101 - 16-120

Art. V. Traffic-control Devices, §§ 16-121 - 16-140

Art. VI. Operation of Vehicles, §§ 16-141 - 16-240

Div. 1. Generally, §§ 16-141 - 16-170

Div. 2. Right-of-Way and Passing, §§ 16-171--16-190

Div. 3. Stopping, Standing and Parking, §§ 16-191-16-210

Div. 4. Speed Restrictions, §§ 16-211--16-230

Div. 5. Driving While Intoxicated; Reckless Driving, §§ 16-231--16-240

Art. VII. Accidents, §§ 16-241 - 16-260

Art. VIII. Procedure in Criminal Cases, § 16-261 - 16-280

Art. IX. Pedestrians' Rights and Duties, §§ 16-281 - 16-290

Art. X. Abandoned and Seized Vehicles, §16-291 - 16-300

Art. XI. Bicycles and Play Vehicles, §§ 16-301 - 16-307




Sec. 16-1. DEFINITIONS.

As used in this chapter, the following terms shall have the meanings herein ascribed to them, unless the context requires otherwise.

COMMISSION means the Fort McDowell Yavapai Indian Community police Commission.

CONTROLLED-ACCESS HIGHWAY means highway, street or roadway in respect to which owners or occupants of abutting lands and other persons had no legal right of access to or from, except at such points only and in the manner determined by the community council.

COUNCIL means Fort McDowell Yavapai Indian Community as the governing body of the Fort McDowell Yavapai Indian Community.

COURT means the community court.

CROSSWALK means:

1. That part of a roadway at an intersection included within the connections at the lateral lines of the sidewalks on opposite at the lateral lines of the sidewalks on opposite sides of the highway measured from the curbs or, in absence of curbs, from the edges of the traversable roadway.
   
   
2. Any portion of a roadway at an intersection or elsewhere distinctly indicated for pedestrian crossing by lines or other markings on the surface.
   

DAYTIME means from half an hour before sunrise to a half-hour after sunset. Nighttime means at any other hour.

EXPLOSIVES means any chemical compound or mechanical mixture commonly used or intended for the purpose of producing an explosion and containing any oxidizing or combustive units or other ingredients in such proportions, quantities or packing that an ignition by fire, friction, concussion, percussion or detonator of any part of the compound or mixture may cause such a sudden generation of highly heated gases that the resultant gaseous pressures are capable of producing destructive effects on contiguous objects or of destroying life or limb.

FLAMMABLE LIQUID means any liquid which has a flash point of seventy (70) degrees Fahrenheit, or less, as determined by a tagliabue or equivalent closed-cup test device.

GROSS WEIGHT means the area embraced within the prolongation or connection of the lateral curb lines, or if none, then the lateral boundary lines of the roadways of two (2) highways which join one another at, or approximately at, right angles, or the area within which vehicles traveling upon different highways joining at any other angle may come in conflict. Where a highway included two (2) roadways thirty (30) or more feet apart, then every crossing of two (2) roadways of the highways shall be regarded as a separate intersection.

JUDGE means a judge of the community court or other judicial officer authorized by the community constitution or an ordinance of the community council.

LANE ROADWAY means a roadway which is divided into two (2) or more clearly marked lanes for vehicular traffic.

METAL TIRE means a tire the surface of which in contact with the highway, is wholly or partly of metal or other hard, non-resilient material.

OFFICIAL TRAFFIC-CONTROL DEVICES means all signs, signals, markings and devices not inconsistent with this chapter placed or erected by authority of a public body or official having jurisdiction, for the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic.

PARK when prohibited, means the standing of a vehicle, whether occupied or not, otherwise than temporarily for the purpose of and while actually engaged in loading or unloading.

POLICE OFFICER means an officer authorized to direct or regulate traffic or make arrests for violations of traffic regulations.

PRIVATE ROAD OR DRIVEWAY means a way or place in private ownership and used for vehicular travel by the owner and those having express or implied permission from the owner, but not by other persons.

RAILROAD means a carrier of persons or properly upon cars operated upon stationary rails.

RAILROAD SIGN OR SIGNAL means a sign, signal or device erected by authority of a public body of officials or by a railroad and intended to give notice of the presence of railroad tracks or the approach of a railroad train.

RAILROAD TRAIN means a steam engine, electric or other motor, with or without cars coupled thereto, operated upon rails.

RESERVATION means the Fort McDowell Yavapai Indian Community.

ROADWAY means that portion of a highway improved, designed or ordinarily used for vehicular travel, exclusive of the berm or shoulder. If a highway includes two (2) or more separate roadways, the word "roadway" as used in this chapter shall refer to any such roadway separately but not to all such roadways collectively.

SIDEWALK means that portion of a street between the curb lines, or the lateral lines of a roadway, and the adjacent property lines, intended for the use of pedestrians.

STOP, when required, means complete cessation from movement.

STOP, STOPPING, OR STANDING, when prohibited, means any stopping or standing of a vehicle, whether occupied or not, except when necessary to avoid conflict with other traffic or in compliance with directions of a police officer or traffic-control sign or signal.

THROUGH HIGHWAY means a highway or portion thereof at the entrances to which vehicular traffic from intersecting highways is required by law to stop before entering or crossing and stop signs are erected as provided in this chapter.

TRAFFIC means pedestrians, ridden or herded animals, vehicles, an other conveyances either singly or together while using any highway for purposes of travel.

TRAFFIC-CONTROL SIGNAL means a device whether manually, electrically or mechanically operated, by which traffic is alternately directed to stop and to proceed.

TRUCK means every motor vehicle designed, used or maintained primarily for the transportation of property.


Sec. 16-2. VIOLATION OF CHAPTER; PENALTIES.

1. Misdemeanor. It is a misdemeanor for a person to violate any of the provisions of this chapter unless the violation is declared to be a federal violation by federal law.
   
   
2. Fines, imprisonments. A person convicted of a misdemeanor for a violation of any of the provisions of this chapter for which another penalty is not provided shall for a first conviction thereof be punishable by a fine of not more than one hundred dollars ($100.00) or by imprisonment for not more than ten (10) days. For a second conviction within one year thereafter, the person shall be punished by a fine of not more than two hundred dollars ($200.00), by imprisonment for not more than twenty (20) days, or both. Upon a third or subsequent conviction within one year after the last conviction, the person shall be punished by a fine of not more than three hundred dollars ($300.00), by imprisonment for not more than six (6) months or both.
   
   
3. Excess vehicle weight - fines. A person convicted of violating any provision of 16-110 or 16-111 shall be punished by a fine, the maximum of which shall be three hundred dollars ($300.00) and the minimum of which shall be set forth in the following table:
   
   

   If the excess weight is:	The minimum fine shall be:
   1,000 to 1,500 pounds	$ 30.00
   1,501 to 2,000 pounds	$ 35.00
   2,001 to 2,500 pounds	$ 55.00
   2,501 to 3,000 pounds	$ 70.00
   3,001 to 3,500 pounds	$ 85.00
   3,501 to 4,000 pounds	$100.00
   4,001 to 4,500 pounds	$120.00
   4,501 to 4,750 pounds	$140.00
   4,751 to 5,000 pounds	$160.00
   5,001 to 5,250 pounds	$180.00
   5,251 to 5,500 pounds	$205.00
   5,501 to 5,750 pounds	$230.00
   5,751 to 6,000 pounds	$255.00
   6,001 pounds and over	$280.00

   
   
4. Same-Imprisonment. A person convicted of violating any provision of 16-110 or 16-111 may, in addition to the fine provided for in subsection (c) of this section, be punished by imprisonment for not to exceed six 6 months.
   
   
5. Axle weight violations. If the officer finds that the person has violated only the axle weight limitation and not the total weight limitation, the officer shall request the driver to reload the vehicle to comply with the axle weight limitations; and if the driver so complies, he shall not be subject to arrest or fine. If the driver does not comply with the request of the officer to reload, the driver shall be subject to arrest and fine as provided in subsections (c) and (d) of this section.

Sec. 16-3. CONSTRUCTION OF CHAPTER RELATIVE TO OPERATION OF VEHICLES.

The provisions of this chapter relating to the operation of vehicles refer exclusively to the operation of vehicles upon highways except:

1. where a different place is specifically referred to in a given section.
   
   
2. the provisions of Article VI, Division 5 and Article VII shall apply upon highways and elsewhere throughout the community.

Sec. 16-4. APPLICATION OF CHAPTER TO PUBLIC EMPLOYEES; EXCEPTIONS.

1. The provision of this chapter applicable to the drivers of all vehicles upon the highways shall apply to the drivers of all vehicles owned or operated by the United States, the State of Arizona, the Fort McDowell Yavapai Indian Community or any other political subdivision of Arizona except as provided in this section and subject to such specific exceptions as are set forth in this chapter with reference to authorized emergency vehicles.
   
   
2. Unless specifically made applicable, the provisions of this chapter shall not apply to persons, teams, motor vehicles and other equipment while actually engaged in work upon the surface of a highway, or to railroad employees working on a railroad track or tracks crossing the highway, but shall apply to such persons and vehicles when traveling to or from such work.

Sec. 16-5. APPLICATION OF CHAPTER TO PERSONS RIDING ANIMALS OR DRIVING ANIMAL-DRAWN VEHICLES.

Every person riding an animal or driving any animal-drawn vehicle upon a roadway shall be granted all of the rights and shall be subject to all of the duties applicable to the driver of a vehicle by this chapter, except those provisions of this chapter which by their very nature can have no application.


Sec. 16-6. CHAPTER NOT TO INTERFERE WITH RIGHTS OF OWNERS OF REAL PROPERTY.

Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prevent the owner of real property used by the public for purposes of vehicular travel by permission of the owner and not as a matter of right from prohibiting that use, or from requiring other or different or additional conditions than those specified in this chapter, or otherwise regulating such use as may seem best to such owner.


Sec 16-7. OBEDIENCE TO LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS.

No person shall willfully fail or refuse to comply with any lawful order or direction of any law enforcement officer invested by law with authority to direct, control or regulate traffic.


Sec. 16-8. AUTHORIZED EMERGENCY VEHICLES.

1. Permitted to vary from requirements. The driver of any authorized emergency vehicle, when responding to an emergency call or when in the pursuit of an actual or suspected violator of law or when responding to but not upon returning from a fire alarm, may exercise the privileges set forth in this section.
   
   
2. Exceptions enumerated. The driver of an authorized emergency vehicle may:
   
   
   1. Park or stand, irrespective of the provisions of this chapter.
      
      
   2. Proceed past a red or stop signal or stop sign, but only after slowing down as may be necessary for safe operation.
      
      
   3. Exceed the prima facie speed limits so long as he does not endanger life or property.
      
      
   4. Disregard regulations governing direction of movement or turning in specified direction.
      
      
3. Exemptions to apply only under certain conditions. The exemptions granted by this section to an authorized emergency vehicle shall apply only when the driver of the vehicle while in motion sounds an audible signal by bell, siren, or exhaust whistle as may be reasonably necessary, and when the vehicle is equipped with at least one lighted lamp displaying a red light visible under normal atmospheric conditions from a distance of five hundred (500) feet to the front of the vehicle, except that an authorized emergency vehicle operated as a police vehicle need not be equipped with or display a red light visible from in front of the vehicle.
   
   
4. Driver responsible. The provisions of this section shall not relieve the driver of an authorized emergency vehicle from the duty to drive with due regard for the safety of all persons, nor shall those provisions protect the driver from the consequences of his reckless disregard for the safety of others.

Sec. 16-9. DRIVER'S DUTY WHEN APPROACHING HORSE OR LIVESTOCK.

Every person operating a motor vehicle upon any public highway and approaching any horse-drawn vehicle or any horse upon which any person is riding or livestock being driven upon the highway shall exercise reasonable precaution to prevent frightening and to safeguard such animals, and to ensure the safety of any person riding or driving the same. If such animals appear frightened, the person in control of such vehicle shall reduce its speed and, if requested by signal or otherwise, shall not proceed further toward such animals unless necessary to avoid accident or injury, until such animals appear to be under control.


Sec. 16-10. INJURING, UNLAWFULLY STARTING, USING OR PREVENTING USE OF VEHICLES.

1. A person is guilty of a misdemeanor who:
   
   
   1. Willfully breaks, injuries, tampers with or removes any part of a vehicle for any purpose against the will or without consent of the owner of the vehicle.
      
      
   2. In any other manner willfully or maliciously interferes with or prevents the running or operation of the vehicle.
      
      
   3. Without consent of the owner or person in charge of a vehicle climbs into or upon a vehicle with intent to commit any crime, malicious mischief or injury theretofore.
      
      
   4. While a vehicle is stopped and unattended attempts to manipulate any levers, starting crank or other starting devices, brakes or other mechanism thereof, or set the vehicle in motion.
      
      
2. The provisions of subsection (a) hereof shall not apply when any of the conduct described therein is committed in an emergency in furtherance of public safety or convenience or by or under the direction of any law enforcement officer in the performance of his duty.
   

Sec. 16-11. PLACING OR ALLOWING DANGEROUS ARTICLES ON ROADWAY.

1. No person shall throw or deposit upon any roadway any glass bottle, glass, nails, tacks, wire, caps or any other substance likely to injure any person, animal or vehicle upon the roadway.
   
   
2. Any person who drops or permits to be dropped or thrown upon any roadway any destructive or injurious material shall immediately remove the same or cause it to be removed.
   
   
3. Any person removing a wrecked or damaged vehicle from a highway shall remove any glass or other injurious substance dropped upon the highway from the vehicle.

Sec. 16-12. CROSSING FIRE HOSE.

No vehicle shall be driven over any unprotected hose of a fire department when the hose is laid down on any street, or private driveway to be used at any fire or alarm of fire, without the consent of the fire department official in command.


Sec. 16-13. ALLOWING BARBED WIRE TO LIE LOOSE ALONG HIGHWAY.

A person owning, leasing, having in charge or possession a barbed wire fence along a public highway, who willfully permits or allows the wire of such fence to lie loose along or in the highway so as to endanger the safety of a person or animal passing along the highway, is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not less than ten dollars ($10.00), no more than fifty dollars ($50.00), and shall be liable for all damages arising from such loose wire.

Secs. 16-14 - 16-30. RESERVED.





Sec. 16-31. REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE REQUIRED; EXCEPTIONS.

1. Every owner of a motor vehicle, trailer or semitrailer, before it is operated upon any highway in this community, shall obtain a certificate of title thereto and registration therefore from the appropriate agency of the United States, a state or a foreign government.
   
   
2. This section shall not apply to farm tractors, trailers used solely in .the operation of a farm for transporting the unprocessed fiber or forage products thereof, or any implement of husbandry designed primarily for or used in agricultural operations and only incidentally operated or moved upon a highway, road-rollers or road machinery temporarily operating or moved upon the highway, or to any owner permitted to operate a vehicle under special provisions relating to lien holders, manufacturers, dealers and nonresidents. Nor shall it apply to any vehicle being towed by tow truck which meets the requirements of section 16-109.

Sec. 16-32. REGISTRATION VIOLATIONS.

A person is guilty of a misdemeanor who:

1. Being the owner thereof, operates or knowingly permits to be operated upon a highway, a motor vehicle, trailer or semitrailer required by law to be registered which does not display thereon the number plates assigned thereto for the current registration year.
   
   
2. Displays or has in his possession a registration card or registration number plate knowing it to be fictitious or to have been stolen, canceled, revoked, suspended or altered.
   
   
3. Lends to or knowingly permits the use of his registration card or registration number plate by a person not entitled thereto.

Sec. 16-33. OPERATOR'S OR CHAUFFEUR'S LICENSE REQUIRED; PENALTY

1. No person, except those expressly exempted in this chapter, shall drive any motor vehicle upon a highway in this community unless the person has a valid license as an operator or chauffeur issued by the appropriate agency of the United States, a state or foreign government. No person shall drive a motor vehicle as a chauffeur unless he holds a valid chauffeur's license.
   
   
2. A person holding a valid chauffeur's license need not procure an operator's license.
   
   
3. A person licensed as an operator or chauffeur may exercise the privilege thereby granted upon all streets and highways in this community.
   
   
4. Conviction, or forfeiture or bail not vacated, for any violation of the provisions of subsection (a) shall be punishable by a fine of not more than three hundred dollars ($300.00), or imprisonment for not more than thirty (30) days or both. A second or subsequent conviction or forfeiture of bail not vacated for an offense committed within a period of twenty-four (24) months of the first violation or offense shall be punishable by a fine of not less than fifty dollars ($50.00) nor more than three hundred dollars ($300.00) or by imprisonment for not less than five (5) days nor more than six (6) months, subject to the limitations of 16-36.
   

Sec. 16-34. LICENSE TO OPERATE MOTORCYCLE OR MOTOR-DRIVEN CYCLE; EXCEPTION.

1. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, no person shall operate a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle upon a highway in this community unless he/she has a valid license.
   
   
2. The provisions of this section shall not apply to electrically powered three-wheeled vehicles or three-wheeled vehicles in which the operator and passenger ride within an enclosed cab. (code 1976, § 28.422.01)

Sec. 16-35. RESTRICTED LICENSES.

It is a misdemeanor for a person to operate a motor vehicle in any manner in violation of the restrictions imposed in a restricted license issued to him.


Sec. 16-36. LICENSE TO BE CARRIED, EXHIBITED ON DEMAND.

Every licensee shall have his operator's or chauffeur's license in his immediate possession at all times when operating a motor vehicle and shall display same, upon demand of a law enforcement officer. However, no person charged with violating this section shall be convicted if he produces in court or the office of the arresting officer an operator's or chauffeur's license theretofore issued to him and valid at the time of his arrest.


Sec. 16-37. VIOLATION OF LICENSE PROVISIONS.

It is a misdemeanor for any person:

1. [text missing]
   
   
2. [text missing]...use thereof by another.
   
   
3. To display or represent as one's own an operator's or chauffeur's license not issued to him.
   
   
4. To permit any unlawful use of an operator's or chauffeur's license issued to him.
   
   
5. To do any act forbidden or fail to perform any act required by this article.
   

Sec. 16-38. PERMITTING UNAUTHORIZED PERSON TO DRIVE.

No person shall authorize or knowingly permit a motor vehicle owned by him or under his control to be driven upon any highway by any person who is not authorized under this chapter or in violation of any of the provisions of this chapter.


Sec. 16-39. PERMITTING UNAUTHORIZED MINOR TO DRIVE; LIABILITY THEREFOR.

1. A person who causes or knowingly permits his child or ward or any person under the age of eighteen (18) years to drive a motor vehicle upon a highway when such person is not authorized under this chapter, or in violation of any of the provisions of this chapter, is guilty of a misdemeanor.
   
   
2. Every owner of a motor vehicle causing or knowingly, permitting an unlicensed minor under the age of eighteen (18) years to drive such vehicle upon a highway, and any person giving or furnishing a motor vehicle to such unlicensed minor, shall be jointly and severally liable with such minor for any damages caused by the negligence or willful misconduct of such minor in driving such vehicle.

Sec. 16-40. DRIVING WHEN LICENSE IS SUSPENDED, REVOKED OR REFUSED.

1. Any person who drives a motor vehicle on a public highway in this community at a time when his privilege to do so is suspended, revoked, or refused is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment for not less than ten (10) days nor more than six (6) months and in addition, thereto a fine of not less than one hundred fifty dollars ($150.00) nor more than three hundred dollars ($300.00).
   
   
2. Any person convicted of violating the provisions of subsection (a) of this section a second or subsequent time shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than fifteen (15) days nor more than six (6) months and in addition thereto a fine of not less than one hundred fifty dollars ($150.00) nor more than three hundred dollars ($300.00).

Sec. 16-41. EMPLOYING UNLICENSED CHAUFFEUR.

No person shall employ as a chauffeur of a motor vehicle a person not then licensed as provided in this chapter.


Sec. 16-42. INSPECTION BY COMMUNITY OFFICERS.

1. A law enforcement officer may at any time upon reasonable cause to believe that a vehicle is unsafe or not equipped as required by law, or that its equipment is not in proper adjustment or repair, require the driver of the vehicle to stop and submit the vehicle to an inspection and such tests with reference thereto as may be appropriate.
   
   
2. In the event the vehicle is found to be in unsafe condition or any required part or equipment is not present or is not in proper repair and adjustment, the officer shall give written notice to the driver. The original of the notice shall be retained by his department. The notice shall require that the vehicle be placed in safe condition and its equipment in proper repair and adjustment specifying the particulars with reference thereto and that a certificate of correction or adjustment of illegal or faulty equipment must be obtained within five (5) days.
   
   
3. The commission shall prescribe the form of the notice which shall be utilized by those authorized to conduct such inspection.
   

Sec. 16-43. OWNER OR DRIVER TO COMPLY WITH INSPECTION PROVISIONS.

1. No person driving a vehicle shall refuse to submit the vehicle to an inspection and test when required to do so by a law enforcement officer.
   
   
2. Every owner or driver, upon receiving a notice as provided in the previous section, shall comply therewith and shall within five (5) days secure the certification of adjustment provided on the notice. When the certification is completed, the notice shall be forwarded to the issuing department. In lieu of compliance with this subsection, the vehicle shall not be operated, except as provided in subsection (c) of this section.
   
   
3. No person shall operate any vehicle after receiving a notice with reference thereto as provided in subsection (b) of this section, except as may be necessary to return the vehicle to the residence or place of business of the owner or driver, if within a distance of twenty (20) miles, or to a garage, until the vehicle and its equipment has been placed in proper repairs and adjustment and otherwise made to conform to the requirements of this chapter.

Sec. 16-44. ANNUAL INSPECTION OF SCHOOL BUSES.

Each school bus shall be inspected annually and an official certificate of inspection an approval shall be obtained annually for each such vehicle in accordance with the laws of the state of Arizona. Such inspections shall be made and such certificates obtained with respect to the requirements for school buses as prescribed by Arizona law, and by regulations adopted by the Arizona State highway Commission and the Arizona State Board of Education. Inspection of school buses shall be made section, except as may be necessary to return the vehicle to the residence or place of business of the owner or driver, if within a distance of twenty (20) miles, or to a garage, until the vehicle and its equipment has been placed in proper repairs and adjustment and otherwise made to conform to the requirements of this chapter.

Sec. 16-44. ANNUAL INSPECTION OF SCHOOL BUSES.

Each school bus shall be inspected annually and an official certificate of inspection an approval shall be obtained annually for each such vehicle in accordance with the laws of the state of Arizona. Such inspections shall be made and such certificates obtained with respect to the requirements for school buses as prescribed by Arizona law, and by regulations adopted by the Arizona State highway Commission and the Arizona State Board of Education. Inspection of school buses shall be made annually during the months of June, July and August. A school bus shall also be inspected prior to its initial use in the community. The commission shall have inspected within the prescribed periods all school buses that are registered. If a school bus is privately owned, the owner thereof shall have such bus inspected within the prescribed periods.

Secs. 16-45 - 16-50. RESERVED.



Sec. 16-51. VEHICLE TO BE IN GOOD WORKING ORDER.

No person shall drive or move on any highway any motor vehicle, trailer, semi-trailer, or pole trailer, or any combination thereof unless the equipment upon any and every such vehicle is in good working order and adjustment as required in this chapter and the vehicle is in such safe mechanical condition as not to endanger the driver or other occupant or any person upon the highway.


Sec. 16-52. VEHICLE TO COMPLY WITH ARTICLE; EXCEPTIONS.

1. It is a misdemeanor for any person to drive or move or for the owner to cause or knowingly permit to be driven or moved on any highway any vehicle or combination of vehicles which is in such unsafe condition as to endanger any person, or which does not contain those parts or is not at all times equipped with lamps and other equipment in proper condition and adjustment as required in this article or which is equipped in any manner in violation of this article, or for any person to do any act forbidden or fail to perform any act required under this article.
   
   
2. Nothing contained in this article shall be construed to prohibit the use of additional parts and accessories on any vehicle not inconsistent with the provisions of this article.
   
   
3. The provisions of this article with respect to equipment on vehicles shall not apply to implements of husbandry, road machinery, road rollers or farm tractors except as made applicable by this article. Every farm tractor equipped with an electric lighting system shall at all times mentioned in section 16-71 display a red tail lamp and either multiple-beam or single beam head lamps meeting the requirements of sections 16-74, 16-88, and 16-90.
   

Sec.16-53. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR MOTORCYCLES AND MOTOR DRIVEN CYCLES.

1. The operator and any passenger of a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle shall wear a protective helmet on his head in an appropriate manner safely secured. The operator and passenger of a motorcycle or motor-driven vehicle shall also wear protective glasses, goggles, or a transparent face shield unless the motorcycle is equipped with a protective windshield. The provisions of this subsection shall not apply to electrically powered three-wheeled vehicles or three-wheeled vehicles on which the operator and passenger ride within an enclosed cab.
   
   
2. A motorcycle and motor-driven cycle shall be equipped with a rear-view mirror, seat and footrests for the operator. Any motorcycle or motor-driven cycle operated with a passenger shall be equipped with seats, footrests and handrails for such passenger.
   
   
3. Handlebars rising more than fifteen (15) inches above the level of the driver's seat or saddle on a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle are prohibited.

Sec. 16-54. BRAKES.

1. Requirements enumerated. The following brake equipment is required:
   
   
   1. Every motor vehicle, other than a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle, when operated upon a highway shall be equipped with brakes adequate to control the movement of and to stop and hold the vehicle, including two (2) separate means of applying the brakes, each of with means shall be effective to apply the brakes to at least two (2) wheels. If these two (2) separate means of applying the brakes are connected in any way, they shall be so constructed that failure of any one part of the operating mechanism shall not leave the motor vehicle without brakes on at least two (2) wheels.
      
      
   2. Every motorcycle and every motor-driven cycle, when operated upon a highway, shall be equipped with at least one brake which may be operated by hand or foot.
      
      
   3. Every trailer or semi-trailer of a gross weight of three thousand (3,000) pounds or more when operated upon a highway shall be equipped with brakes adequate to control the movement of and to stop and hold the vehicle and so designed as to be applied by the driver of the towing motor vehicle from its cab, and the brakes shall be so designed and connected that in case of an accidental breakaway of the towed vehicle the brakes shall be automatically applied.
      
      
   4. Every new motor vehicle, trailer or semi-trailer sold in the community and operated upon the highway shall be equipped with service brakes upon all wheels of every vehicle, except any motorcycle or motor-driven cycle, and except that any semi-trailer of less than one thousand five hundred (1,500) pounds gross weight need not be equipped with brakes and except that three-axle trucks need only be equipped with brakes on all wheels of the two (2) rear axles.
      
      
   5. In any combination of motor-drawn vehicles, means shall be provided for applying the rearmost trailer brakes of any trailer equipped with brakes, in approximate synchronism with the brakes on the towing vehicle and developing the required braking effort in the rearmost wheels at the fastest rate, or means shall be provided for applying braking effort first on rearmost trailer equipped with brakes. Both of the above means capable of being used alternatively may be employed.
      
      
   6. Every motor vehicle and combination of vehicles manufactured or sold in the community, except motorcycles and motor-driven cycles, shall be equipped with parking brakes adequate to hold the vehicle on any grade on which it is operated, under all conditions of loading on a surface free from snow, ice, or loose material. The parking brakes shall be capable of being applied in conformance with the foregoing requirements by the driver's muscular effort or by spring action or by equivalent means. Their operation may be assisted by the service brakes or other source of power, provided that failure of the service brake actuation system or other power-assisting mechanism will not prevent the parking brakes from being applied in conformance with the foregoing requirements. The parking brakes shall be so designed that when once applied they shall remain applied with the required effectiveness despite exhaustion of any source of energy or leakage of any kind. The same brake drums, brake shoes and lining assemblies may be used for both the service brakes and the parking brakes. If the means of applying the parking brakes and the service brakes are connected in any way, they shall be so constructed that failure of any one pair shall not leave the vehicle without operative brakes.
      
      
   7. The brake shoes operating within or upon the rims on the vehicle wheels of any motor vehicle may be used for both service and hand operation.
      
      
2. Deceleration requirements.
   
   Every motor vehicle or combination of motor-drawn vehicles shall be capable at all times and under all conditions of loading, of being stopped on a dry, smooth, level road free from loose material, upon application of the service or foot brake, within the distance specified below, or shall be capable of being decelerated at a sustained rate corresponding to these distances.
   
   

   	Feet to stop from 20 miles per hour	Deceleration in feet per second feet to stop
   Vehicles or combination of vehicles having brakes on all wheels	30	14
   Vehicles or combination of vehicles not having brakes on all wheels	40	10.7

   
   
3. Adjustment of brakes.
   
   All brakes shall be maintained in good working order and shall be so adjusted as to operate as equally as practicable with respect to the wheels on opposite sides of the vehicle.

Sec. 16-55. HORNS AND AUDIBLE WARNING DEVICES.

1. Required. Every motor vehicle when operated upon a highway shall be equipped with a horn in good working order and capable of emitting sound audible under normal conditions from a distance of not less than two hundred (200) feet, but no horn or other warning device shall emit an unreasonable loud or harsh sound or a whistle. The driver of a motor vehicle shall when reasonable necessary to ensure safe operation give audible warning with his horn but shall not otherwise use the horn when upon a highway.
   
   
2. Prohibited devices. No vehicle shall be equipped with nor shall any person use upon a vehicle any siren, whistle or bell, except as otherwise permitted in this section.
   
   
3. Theft alarm. It is permissible but not required that any vehicle be equipped with a theft alarm signal device which is so arranged that it cannot be used by the driver as an ordinary warning signal.
   
   
4. Emergency vehicle requirements. Any authorize emergency vehicle may be equipped with a siren, whistle, or bell capable of emitting sound audible under normal conditions from a distance of not less than five hundred (500) feet, but the siren shall not be used except when the vehicle is operated in response to an emergency call or in the immediate pursuit of an actual or suspected violator of the law, in which latter events the driver of the vehicle shall sound the siren when reasonable necessary to warn pedestrians and other drivers of the approach thereof.

Sec. 16-56. MUFFLERS AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES.

1. Every motor vehicle shall at all times be equipped with a muffler in good working order and in constant operation to prevent excessive or unusual noise, and no person shall use a muffler cutout, bypass or similar device upon a motor vehicle on a highway.
   
   
2. The engine and power mechanism of every motor vehicle shall be so equipped and adjusted as to prevent the escape of excessive fumes or smoke.
   
   
3. Beginning with motor vehicles and motor vehicle engines of the 1968 model year, motor vehicles and motor vehicle engines shall...[text missing]

Sec. 16-57. MIRRORS.

Every motor vehicle which is so constructed or loaded as to obstruct the driver's view to the rear thereof from the driver's position shall be equipped with a mirror so located as to reflect to the driver a view of the highway for a distance of at least two hundred (200) feet to the rear of the vehicle.


Sec. 16-58. WINDSHIELDS.

1. Required. Every passenger vehicle, other than a motorcycle, and every motor truck or truck tractor, except fire trucks, fire engines or other fire apparatus, whether publicly or privately owned, shall be equipped with an adequate windshield. This section shall not apply to implements of husbandry of [sic] antique, classic or horseless carriage automobiles when not originally equipped with a windshield.
   
   
2. Not to be obstructed. No person shall drive any motor vehicle with any sign, poster or other substance or material upon the front windshield, side wings or side or rear windows of the vehicle which obstructs the driver's clear view of the highway or any intersecting highway.
   
   
3. Wipers required. The windshield on every motor vehicle shall be equipped with a device for cleaning rain, snow, or other moisture from the windshield, which device shall be so constructed as to be controlled or operated by the driver of the vehicle.
   
   
4. Wipers to be in good order. Every windshield wiper upon a motor vehicle shall be maintained in good working order.
   

Sec. 16-59. TIRES.

1. Every solid rubber tire on a vehicle shall have a rubber on its entire traction surface at least one inch thick above the edge of the flange of the entire periphery.
   
   
2. No tire on a vehicle moved on a highway shall have on its periphery any block, stud, flange, cleat or spike or any other protuberance of any material other than rubber which projects beyond the tread of the traction surface of the tire, except that it shall be permissible to use farm machinery with tires having protuberances which will not injure the highways, and except also that it shall be permissible to use tire chains of reasonable proportions upon any vehicle when required for safety because of snow, ice or other conditions tending to cause vehicle to skid.
   
   
3. The commission may in its discretion issue special permit authorizing the operation upon a highway of traction engines or tractors having moveable tracks with transverse corrugations upon the periphery of the movable tracks of farm tractors or other farm machinery, the operation of which upon a highway would otherwise be prohibited under this chapter.

Sec. 16-60. REAR FENDER SPLASH GUARDS.

1. It is unlawful for any person to operate a truck, trailer, semi-trailer or bus upon the highways unless such vehicle is equipped with rear fender splash guards, which shall comply with the specifications provided in this section. The splash guards shall be so attached as to prevent the splashing of mud or water upon the windshield of other motor vehicles and shall extend to a length which shall end not more than eight (8) inches from the grounds [sic].
   
   
2. The splash guards shall be wide enough to cover the full tread or treads of the tires being protected and shall be installed close enough to the tread surface of the tire or wheel as to control the side throw of the bulk of the thrown road surface material.
   
   
3. The splash guards may be constructed of a flexible rubberized material, and shall be attached in such a manner that, regardless of movement either in such splash guards or the vehicle, such splash guards will retain their general parallel relationship to the tread surface of the tire or wheel under all ordinary operation conditions.
   
   
4. Nothing in this section shall be deemed to apply to vehicles commonly known as pickup trucks with a manufacturer's rating of three-quarter tons or less, nor shall the provisions of this section apply to truck tractors or converter dollies when used in combination with other vehicles.

(Sec. 16-61. Reserved.)


Sec. 16-62. CERTAIN VEHICLES TO CARRY FLARES OR OTHER WARNING DEVICES.

1. Requirements enumerated. No person shall operate any motor truck, passenger bus or track tractor upon any highway within the community at any time from a half-hour after sunset to a half-hour before sunrise unless there shall be carried in the vehicle the following equipment except as provided in subsection (b) of this section:
   
   
   1. (1) At least three (3) flares or three (3) electric red lanterns each of which shall be capable of being seen and distinguished at a distance of five (500) feet under normal atmospheric conditions at night time. Each flare or liquid-burning pot torch shall be capable of burning for one hour. Every such flare shall be substantially constructed so as to withstand reasonable shocks without leaking. Every such flare shall be carried in the vehicle in a metal rack or box. Every such red electric lantern shall be capable of operating continuously for net less than twelve (12) hours and shall be substantially constructed so as to withstand reasonable shock without breakage.
      
      
   2. At least three (3) red burning fuses unless red electric lanterns are carried. Each fuse shall be made in accordance with specifications of the Bureau of Explosives, 30 Vesey Street, New York City, and so marked and shall be capable of burning at least the community at any time from a half hour after sunset to a halfhour before sunrise unless there shall be carried in the vehicle the following equipment except as provided in subsection(b) of this section:
      
      
   1. At least three (3) flares or three (3) electric red lanterns each of which shall be capable of being seen and distinguished at a distance of five (500) feet under normal atmospheric conditions at night time. Each flare or liquid-burning pot torch shall be capable of burning for one hour. Every such flare shall be substantially constructed so as to withstand reasonable shocks without leaking. Every such flare shall be carried in the vehicle in a metal rack or box. Every such red electric lantern shall be capable of operating continuously for not less than twelve (12) hours and shall be substantially constructed so as to withstand reasonable shock without breakage.
      
      
   2. At least three (3) red burning fuses unless red electric lanterns are carried. Each fuse shall be made in accordance with specifications of the Bureau of Explosives, 30 Vesey Street, New York City, and so marked and shall be capable of burning at least fifteen (15) minutes.
      
      
   3. At least two (2) red cloth flags, not less than twelve (12) inches square, with standards to support same.
      
      
2. Vehicles carrying flammable. No person shall operate at the time and under the conditions stated in subsection (a) of this section any motor vehicle used in transportation of flammable liquids in bulk, or transporting compressed flammable gases, unless there shall be carried in the vehicle three (3) red electric lanterns meeting the requirements stated in subsection (a) of this section, and there shall not be carried in such vehicle any flares, fuses or signal produced by a flame.
   
   
3. Portable reflector units. As an alternative it shall be deemed a compliance with this section in the event a person operating any motor vehicle described in this section shall carry in the vehicle three (3) portable reflector units on standards. No portable reflector unit shall be approved unless it is so designed and constructed as to include two (2) reflectors, one above the other, each of which shall be capable of reflecting red light clearly visible from all distances within five hundred (500) feet to fifty (50) feet under normal atmospheric conditions at night time when directly in from of lawful upper beams of head lamps.

Sec. 16-63. DISPLAY OF WARNING DEVICES WHEN VEHICLE DISABLED.

1. When required. When any motor vehicle, truck, passenger bus, truck tractor, trailer, semi-trailer or pole trailer is disabled upon the traveled portion of any highway or the shoulder thereof within the community at any times when lighted lamps are required on vehicles, the driver of the vehicle shall display the following warning devices upon the highway during the time the vehicle is disabled on the highway except as provided in subsection (b) of this section.
   
   
   1. A lighted fuse shall be immediately placed on the roadway at the traffic side of the motor vehicle unless electric lanterns are displayed.
      
      
   2. Within the burning period of the fuse and as promptly as possible three (3) lighted flares or pot torches or three (3) electric lanterns shall be placed on the roadway as follows:
      
      
      1. One at a distance of approximately one hundred (100) feet to the rear of the vehicle; in the center of the lane of traffic occupied by the disabled vehicle.
         
         
      2. One at the traffic side of the vehicle approximately ten (10) feet rearward or forward thereof.
         
         
2. Vehicles carrying flammable liquids or gases. When any vehicle used in the transformation of flammable liquids in bulk, or transporting compressed flammable gases is disabled upon a highway at any time or place mentioned in subsection (a) of this section, the driver of the vehicle shall display upon the roadway the following lighted warning devices:
   
   
   1. One red electric lantern shall be immediately placed on the roadway at the traffic side of the vehicle.
      
      
   2. Two (2) other red electric lanterns shall be placed to front and rear of the vehicle in the same manner prescribed for flares in subsection (a) of this section.
      
      
3. Flame signals prohibited for vehicle carrying flammable. When a vehicle of a type specified in subsection (b) of this section is disabled, the use of flares, fuses or any signal produced by flames as warning signals is prohibited.
   
   
4. Display of flags. When any vehicle of a type referred to in this section is disabled upon the traveled portion of a highway or the shoulder thereof outside any municipality at any time when the display of fuses, flares or electric lanterns is not required, the driver of the vehicle shall display (2) red flags upon the roadway in the land of traffic occupied by the disabled vehicle, one at a distance of approximately one hundred (100) feet in advance of the vehicle, and one at a distance of approximately one hundred (100) feet to the rear of the vehicle.
   
   
5. Portable reflector units. In the alternative, it shall be deemed a compliance with this section in the event three (3) portable reflector units on standards of a type approved by the commission are displayed at the times and under the conditions specified in this section either during the daytime or at nighttime, and the portable reflector units shall be placed on the roadway in the locations as described with reference to the placing of electric lanterns and lighted flares.
   
   
6. Equipment to comply with requirements. The flares, fuses, lanterns and flags to be displayed as required in this section shall conform with the requirements of the preceding section applicable thereto.

Sec. 16-64. VEHICLES TRANSPORTING EXPLOSIVES.

Any person operating any vehicle transporting any explosive as a cargo or part of a cargo upon a highway shall at all times comply with the following provisions:

1. The vehicle shall be marked or placed on each side and on the rear with the word "explosives" in letters not less than eight (8) inches high, or there shall be displayed on the rear of the vehicle a red flag not less than twenty-four (24) inches square marked with the word "danger" in white letters six (6) inches high.
   
   
2. Every such vehicle shall be equipped with not less than two (2) fire extinguisher, filled and ready for immediate use, and placed at a convenient point on the vehicle so used.

Sec. 16-65. TELEVISION INSTALLATIONS.

No person shall drive any motor vehicle equipped with any television broadcast viewer, screen or other means of visually receiving a television broadcast which is located in the motor vehicle at any point forward of the back of the driver's seat or which is visible, directly or indirectly, to the driver while operating the motor vehicle.


Sec. 16-66. PROJECTING LOADS.

When the load upon any vehicle extends to the rear four (4) feet or more beyond the body of the vehicle there shall be displayed at the extreme rear end of the load, at the time specified in section 16-71, a red light or lantern plainly visible from a distance of at least five hundred (500) feet to the side and rear. The red light or lantern required under this section shall be in addition to the red rear light required upon every vehicle. At any other time. there shall be displayed at he extreme rear end of the load a red flag or cloth not less than twelve (12) inches square and so hung that the entire area is visible to the driver of a vehicle approaching from the rear.

(Secs. 16-67 - 16-70. RESERVED.)



Sec. 16-71. WHEN LAMPS REQUIRED TO BE LIGHTED.

Every vehicle upon a highway within this community at any time from a half-hour after sunset to a half-hour before sunrise and at any other time when there is not sufficient light to render clearly discernible persons and vehicles on the highway at a distance of five hundred (500) feet ahead shall display lighted lamps and illuminating devices as required by this article for different classes of vehicles, subject to exceptions with respect to parked vehicles as stated. in this article.


Sec. 16-72. VISIBILITY DISTANCE AND MOUNTED HEIGHT OF LAMPS.

1. When a requirement is set forth in this article as to the distance from which certain lamps and devices shall render objects visible or within which the lamps or devices shall be visible, such provisions shall apply during the times stated in section 16-71 in respect to a vehicle without load when upon a straight, legal unlighted highway under normal atmospheric conditions unless a different time or condition is expressly stated.
   
   
2. When a requirement is set forth in this article as to the mounted height of lamps or devices it shall mean from the center of the lamps or device to the level ground upon which the vehicle rests without a load.

Sec. 16-73. HEAD LAMPS.

1. Every motor vehicle other than a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle shall be equipped with at least two (2) head lamps which shall comply with the requirements and limitations of this article.
   
   
2. Every motorcycle and every motor-driven cycle shall be equipped with at least one and not more than two (2) head lamps which shall comply with the requirements and limitations of this article.
   
   
3. Every head lamp upon every motor vehicle, including every motorcycle and motor-driven cycle, shall be located, at a height measured from the center of the head lamp of not more than fifty-four (54) inches nor less than twenty-four (24) inches to be measured as set forth in subsection (b) of the previous section.

Sec. 16-74. TAIL LAMPS.

1. Every motor vehicle, trailer, semi-trailer and pole trailer and any other vehicle which is being drawn at the end of a train of vehicles shall be equipped with at least one tail lamp mounted on the rear, which, when lighted as required by this article, shall emit a red light plainly visible from a distance of five hundred (500) feet to the rear, provided that in the case of a train of vehicles only the tail lamp on the rearmost vehicle need actually be seen from the distance specified.
   
   
2. Every tail lamp upon every vehicle shall be located at a height to not more than sixty (60) inches nor less than twenty (20) inches to be measured as set forth in subsection (b) of section 16-72.
   
   
3. Either a tail lamp or a separate lamp shall be so constructed and placed as to illuminate with a white light the rear registration plate and render it clearly legible from a distance of fifty (50) feet to the rear. Any tail lamp or tail lamps, together with any separate lamp for illuminating the rear registration plate, shall be so wired as to be lighted whenever the head lamps or auxiliary driving lamps are lighted.

Sec. 16-75. REFLECTORS ON NEW MOTOR VEHICLES.

1. Every new motor vehicle sold an operated upon a highway, other than a truck tractor, shall carry on the rear, either as a part of the tail lamps or separately, two (2) red reflectors, except that every motorcycle and every motor driven cycle shall carry at least one reflector, meeting the requirements of this section, and except that vehicles of the type mentioned in section 16-77 shall be equipped with reflector as required in those sections applicable thereto.
   
   
2. Every such reflector shall be mounted on the vehicle a height not less than twenty (20) inches nor more than sixty (60) inches measured as set forth in subsection (b) of section 16-72 and shall be of such size and characteristics and some mounted as to be visible at night from all distances within three hundred (300) feet to fifty (50) feet from the vehicle when directly in front of lawful upper beams of head lamps, except that visibility from a greater distance is required of reflectors on certain type of vehicles.

Sec. 16-76. STOP LAMPS REQUIRED.

It is unlawful for any person to sell any new motor vehicle, including any motorcycle or motor-driven cycle, in this community or for any person to drive a vehicle on the highway unless it is equipped with a stop lamp meeting the requirements of section 16-86.


Sec. 16-77. ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT REQUIRED ON CERTAIN VEHICLES.

In addition to other equipment required in this article, the following vehicles shall be equipped as provided by this section under the conditions stated in section 16-78.

1. On every bus or truck, whatever its size, there shall be two (2) reflectors on the rear, one at each side, and one stop light.
   
   
2. On every bus or truck eighty (80) inches or more in overall width, in addition to the requirements subsection (a):
   
   
   1. One the front, two (2) clearance lamps, one at each side.
      
      
   2. On the rear, two (2) clearance lamps, one at each side.
      
      
   3. On each side two (2) side marker lamps, one at or near the front and one at or near the rear.
      
      
   4. On each side, two (2) reflectors, one at or near the front and one at or near the rear.
      
      
3. On every truck tractor:
   
   
   1. On the front, two (2) clearance lamps, one at each side.
      
      
   2. On the rear, one stop light.
      
      
4. On every trailer or semi-trailer having a gross weight in excess of three thousand (3,000) pounds:
   
   
   1. On the front, two (2) clearance lamps one at each side.
      
      
   2. On each side, two (2) side marker latngs, one at or near the front and one at or near the rear.
      
      
   3. On each side, two (2) reflectors, one at or near the front and one at or near the rear.
      
      
   4. On the rear, two (2) clearance lamps, one at each side, and two (2) reflectors, one at each side, and one stop light.
      
      
5. On every pole trailer in excess of three thousand (3,000) pounds of gross weight:
   
   
   1. On each side, one side marker lamp and one clearance lamp which may be in combination, to show to the front, side and rear.
      
      
   2. On the rear of the pole trailer or load, two (2) reflectors, one at each side.
      
      
6. On every trailer, semi-trailer or pole trailer weighing three thousand (3,000) pounds, gross, or less:
   
   
   1. On the rear, two (2) reflectors, one on each side.
      
      
   2. If a trailer or semi-trailer is so loaded or is of such dimensions as to obscure the stoplight on the towing vehicle, then the vehicle shall also be equipped with one stop light.

Sec. 16-78. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE.

Those sections of this article, including 16-77 and 16-79 through 16-82, relating to clearance and marker lamps reflectors and stop lights, shall apply as stated in those sections to vehicles of the type therein enumerate, namely passenger buses, trucks, truck tractors, and certain trailers, semi-trailers, and pole trailers, respectively, when operated upon any highway; and such vehicles shall be equipped as required and all lamp equipment required shall be lighted at the times mentioned in section 16-71, except that clearance and side marker lamps need not be lighted on a vehicle when operated where there is sufficient light to render clearly discernible persons and vehicles on the highway at a distance of five hundred (500) feet.


Sec. 16-79. COLOR OF CLEARANCE LAMPS AND REFLECTORS.

1. Front clearance lamps and those marker lamps and reflectors mounted on the rear or on the side near the front of a vehicle shall display or reflect an amber color.
   
   
2. Rear clearance lamps and those marker lamps and reflectors mounted on the rear or on the sides near the rear of a vehicle shall display or reflect a red color.
   
   
3. All lighting devices and reflectors mounted on the rear of any vehicle shall display or reflect a red color, except the stop light or other signal device, which may be red, amber or yellow, and except that the light illuminating the license plate or the light emitted by a backup lamp shall be white.

Sec. 16-80. MOUNTING OF REFLECTORS AND CLEARANCE AND MARKER LAMPS.

1. Reflectors when required by section 16-77 shall be mounted at a height not less than twenty-four (24) inches and not higher than (60) inches above the ground on which the vehicle stands; except that if the highest part of the permanent structure of the vehicle is less than twenty-four (24) inches, the reflector at the point shall be mounted as high as the part of the permanent structure will permit.
   
   
2. The rear reflectors on a pole trailer may be mounted on each side of the bolster or load.
   
   
3. Any required red reflectors on the rear of a vehicle may be incorporated with the tail lamp, but the reflector shall meet all the other reflector requirements of this article.
   
   
4. Clearance lamps shall be mounted on the permanent structure of the vehicle in such manner as to indicate its extreme width and as near the top thereof as practicable. Clearance lamps and side marker lamps may be mounted in combination provided illumination is given as required by this section with reference to both.

Sec. 16-81. VISIBILITY OF REFLECTORS AND CLEARANCE AND MARKER LAMPS.

1. Every reflector upon any vehicle referred to in section 16-77 shall be of such size and characteristics and so maintained as to be readily visible at night time from all distances within five hundred (500) feet to fifty (50) feet from the vehicle when directly in front of lawful upper beams of head lamps. Reflectors required to be mounted on the sides of the vehicle shall reflect the required color of light to the sides and those mounted on the rear shall reflect a red color to the rear.
   
   
2. Front and rear clearance lamps shall be capable of being seen and distinguished under normal atmospheric conditions at the times lights are required at a distance of five hundred (500) feet from the front and near, respectively, of the vehicle.
   
   
3. Side marker lamps shall be capable of being seen and distinguished under normal atmospheric conditions at the times lights are required at a distance of five hundred (500) feet from the side of the vehicle on which mounted.

Sec. 16-82. LIGHTS ON VEHICLE COMBINATIONS.

When motor and other vehicles are operated in combination during the times that lights are required, any lamp, except tail lamps, need not be lighted which, by reason of its location on a vehicle of the combination would be obscured by another vehicle of the combination, but this shall not affect the requirement that lighted clearance lamps be displayed on the front of the foremost vehicle required to have clearance lamps, nor that all lights required on the rear of the rearmost vehicle of any combination shall be lighted.


Sec. 16-83. PARKED VEHICLES.

1. When a vehicle is lawfully parked upon a street or highway during the hours between a half-hour after sunset and a half-hour before sunrise arid in the event there is sufficient light to reveal any person or object within a distance of five hundred (500) feet upon the street or highway, no lights need be displayed upon the parked vehicles.
   
   
2. When a vehicle is parked or stopped upon a roadway or shoulder adjacent thereto, whether attended or unattended during the hours between a half-hour after sunset and a half-hour before sunrise and there is not sufficient light to reveal any person or object within a distance of five hundred (500) feet upon the highway, the vehicle so parked or stopped shall be equipped with one or more lamps which shall exhibit a white or amber light on the roadway side visible from a distance of five hundred (500) feet to the front of the vehicle from a distance of five hundred (500) feet to the front of the vehicle and a red light visible from a distance of five hundred (500) feet to the rear. The foregoing provisions shall not apply to a motor-driven cycle.
   
   
3. Any lighted headlamps upon a parked vehicle shall be depressed or dimmed.

Sec. 16-84. LAMPS ON ANIMAL-DRAWN AND OTHER EQUIPMENT OR VEHICLES.

All vehicles, including animal-drawn vehicles and including those referred to in subsection (c) of 16-52 not specifically required by this article to be equipped with lamps, shall at the times specified in section 16-71 be equipped with at least on lighted lamp or lantern exhibiting a white light visible from a distance of five hundred (500) feet to the front of the vehicle and with a lamp or lantern exhibiting a red light visible from a distance of five hundred (500) feet to the rear.


Sec. 16-85. SPOT AND AUXILIARY LAMPS.

1. Spot Lamps. A motor vehicle may be equipped with not to exceed one spot lamp and every lighted spot lamp shall be so aimed and used upon approaching another vehicle that no part of the high intensity portion of the beam will be directed to the left of the prolongation of the extreme left side of the vehicle nor more than one hundred (100) feet ahead of the vehicle.
   
   
2. Fog lamps. A motor vehicle may be equipped with not to exceed two (2) fog lamps mounted on the front to a height not less than twelve (12) inches nor more than thirty (30) inches above the level surface upon which the vehicle stands and so aimed that when the vehicle is not loaded none of the high-intensity portion of the light to the left of the center of the vehicle shall, at a distance of twenty-five (25) feet ahead, project higher than a level of four (4) inches below the level of the center of the lamp from which it comes.
   
   
3. Passing-lamps. A motor vehicle may be equipped with not to exceed two (2) auxiliary passing lamps mounted on the front at a height not less than twenty-four (24) inches nor more than forty-two (42) inches above the level surface upon which the vehicle stands and every auxiliary passing lamp shall meet the requirements limitations set forth in this division
   
   
4. Driving lamps. A motor vehicle may be equipped with not to exceed two (2) auxiliary driving lamps mounted on the front at a height not less than sixteen (16) inches nor more than forty-two (42) inches above the level surface upon which the vehicle sands and every auxiliary driving lamp shall meet the requirements and limitations set forth in this division.

Sec. 16-86. SIGNAL LAMPS AND DEVICES.

1. A motor vehicle may be equipped and, when required under this chapter, shall be equipped with the following signal lamps or devices:
   
   
   1. A stop lamp on the rear which shall emit a red or yellow light and which shall be actuated upon application of the service or foot brake and which may but need not be incorporated with a tail lamp.
      
      
   2. A lamp or lamps or mechanical signal device capable of clearly indicating any intention to turn either to the right or to the left and which shall be visible both from the front and rear.
      
      
2. A stop lamp shall be plainly visible and understandable from a distance of one hundred (100) feet to the rear both during normal sunlight and at nighttime and a signal lamp or lamps indicating intention to turn shall be visible and understandable during daytime and nighttime from a distance of one hundred (100) feet both to the front and rear. When a vehicle is equipped with a stop lamp or other signal lamps, such lamps shall at all times be maintained in good working condition. No stop lamp or signal lamp shall project a glaring or dazzling light.
   
   
3. All mechanical signal devices shall be self-illuminated when in use at the times mentioned in section 16-71.

Sec. 16-87. FENDER, RUNNING-BOARD AND BACKUP LAMPS.

1. A motor vehicle may be equipped with not more than two (2) side cowl or fender lamps which shall emit an amber or white light without glare.
   
   
2. A motor vehicle may be equipped with not more than one running-board courtesy lamp on each side thereof which shall emit a white or amber light without glare.
   
   
3. A motor vehicle may be equipped with not more than two (2) backup lamps either separately or in combination with other lamps either separately or in combination with other lamps, but a backup lamp shall not be lighted when the motor vehicle is in forward motion.

Sec. 16-88. MULTIPLE-BEAM LIGHTS-SPECIFICATIONS.

Except as provided in this article, the head lamps, the auxiliary driving lamp, the auxiliary passing lamp or combinations thereof no motor vehicles other than a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle shall be so arranged that selection may be made between distributions of light projected to different elevations, subject to the following requirements and limitations:

1. There shall be an uppermost distribution of light or composite beam, so aimed and such intensity as to reveal persons and vehicles at a distance of at least three hundred fifty (350) feet ahead for all condition of loading.
   
   
2. There shall be lowermost distribution of light, or composite beam, so aimed and of sufficient intensity to reveal persons and vehicles at a distance of at least one hundred (100) feet ahead, and under any condition of loading none of the high-intensity portion of the beam shall be directed to strike the eyes of an approaching driver.
   
   
3. Every new vehicle, other than a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle, registered in this state, which has multiple-beam road-lighting equipment shall be equipped with a beam indicator, which shall be lighted whenever the uppermost distribution of light from the head lamps is in use, and shall not otherwise be lighted. Such indicator shall be so designed and located that when lighted it will be readily visible without glare to the driver of the vehicle so equipped.

Sec 16-89. SAME-USE.

When a motor vehicle is being operated on a roadway or shoulder adjacent thereto during the times specified in section 16-71, the driver shall use a distribution light, or composite beam, directed high enough and of sufficient intensity to reveal persons and vehicles at a safe distance in advance of the vehicle subject to the following requirements and limitations:

1. When a driver of a vehicle approaches an oncoming vehicle within five hundred (500) feet, the driver shall use distribution of light of composite beam so aimed that the glaring rays are not projected into the eyes o the oncoming driver. The lowermost distribution of light or composite beam specified in subsection (b) of the previous section shall be deemed to avoid glare at all times, regardless of road contour and loading.
   
   
2. The intensity shall be sufficient to reveal persons and vehicles at a distance of at least two hundred (200) feet.

Sec. 16-91. ALTERNATE ROAD-LIGHTING EQUIPMENT.

Any motor vehicle may be operated under the conditions specified in section 16-71 when equipped with two (2) lighted lamps upon the front thereof capable of revealing persons and objects seventy-five (75) feet ahead in lieu of lamps required in the previous section; however, at no time shall it be operated at a speed in excess of twenty (20) miles per hour.


Sec. 16-92. NUMBER OF DRIVING LAMPS REQUIRED, PERMITTED.

1. At all times specified in section 16-71, at least two (2) lighted lamps shall be displayed, one on each side at the front of every motor vehicle other than a motor or motor-driven cycle, except when the vehicle is parked subject to the regulation governing lights on parked vehicles.
   
   
2. When a motor vehicle equipped with head lamps as required by this article is also equipped with any auxiliary lamps or a spot lamp or any other lamp on the from thereof projecting a beam of intensity greater than three hundred (300) candlepower, not more than a total of four (4) of any such lamps on the front of a vehicle shall be lighted at any one time upon a highway.

Sec. 16-93. SPECIAL RESTRICTION ON LAMPS.

1. Intensity of beam restricted. Any lighted lamp or illuminating device upon a motor vehicle other than head lamps, spot lamps, auxiliary lamps or flashing front-direction signals which projects a beam of light of an intensity greater than three hundred (300) candlepower shall be so directed that no part of the beam will strike the level of the roadway on which the vehicle stands at a distance of more than seventy-five (75) feet from the vehicle.
   
   
2. Red lights. No person shall drive or move any vehicle or equipment upon any highway with any lamp or device thereon displaying a red light visible from directly in front of the center thereof. This section shall not apply to any vehicle upon which a red light visible from the front is expressly authorized or required by this chapter.
   
   
3. Flashing lights. Flashing lights are prohibited except on an authorized emergency vehicle, school bus, snow removal equipment, as warning lights on disabled or parked vehicles or on any vehicle as a means for indicating a right or left turn.

Sec. 16-94. HEAD LAMPS ON MOTOR-DRIVEN CYCLES.

The head lamp(s) upon every motor-driven cycle may be of the single-beam or multiple-beam type but in either event shall comply with the requirements and limitations as follows:

1. Every head lamp or head lamps on a motor-driven cycle shall be of sufficient intensity to reveal a person or a vehicle at a distance of not less than one hundred (100) feet when the motor-driven cycle is operated at any speed less than twenty-five (25) miles per hour and at a distance of not less than two hundred (200) feet when the motor-driven cycle is operated at a speed of twenty-five (25) or more miles per hour, and the motor-driven cycle shall be subject to the speed limitations in section 16-214.
   
   
2. In the event the motor-driven cycle is equipped with a multiple-beam head lamp or head lamps, the upper beam shall meet the minimum requirements set forth in subsection (a) of this section and shall not exceed the limitations set froth in subsection (A) of section 16-88 and the lowermost beam shall meet the requirements applicable to a lowermost distribution light as set forth in subsection (B) of section 16-88.
   
   
3. In the event the motor-driven cycle is equipped with a single-beamlamp or lamps, the lamps shall be so aimed that when the vehicle is loaded not of the high intensity portion of the light at a distance of twenty-five (25) feet ahead, shall project higher than the level of the center of the lamp from which it comes.

(Secs. 16-95 - 16-100. RESERVED.)





Sec. 16-101. EFFECT AND SCOPE.

1. It is a misdemeanor for any person to drive or move for the owner to cause or knowingly permit to be driven or moved on any highway any vehicle or vehicles of a size or weight exceeding the limitations stated in the article, or otherwise in violation of this article, and the fact that a vehicle is within the maximum size and weight of vehicles specified in this article shall have no power or authority to alter the limitations excepts as express authority may be grated by this article.
   
   
2. The provisions of this article governing size shall not apply to fire apparatus, road machinery or to implements of husbandry, including farm tractors, temporarily moved upon a highway, or to a vehicle operated under the terms of a special permit issued as provided by this article.

Sec. 16-102. COMMISSION'S POWER TO RESTRICT WEIGHT OF VEHICLES.

1. The commission may prohibit the operation of vehicles upon the highway or impose restrictions as to the weight of vehicles to be operated upon such highway, for a total period of not to exceed ninety (90) days in any one calendar year, when such highway, by reason of deterioration, rain, snow or other climatic conditions, will be seriously damaged or destroyed unless the use of vehicles there on is prohibited or the permissible weights thereof reduced.
   
   
2. The commission must erect or cause to be erected and maintained signs designating the restrictions as to the weight of vehicles upon a highway or prohibition of the use of the highway.
   
   
3. The commission may also prohibit the operation of trucks or other commercial vehicles, or may impose limitations as to the weight thereof, on designated highways, which prohibitions and limitations shall be designated by appropriate signs laced on the highways.
   
   
4. The commission may impose restrictions as to the weight of vehicles operated upon any community highway, and such restrictions shall be effective when signs giving notice thereof are erected upon the highway.

Sec. 16-103. LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE RESULTING FROM OVERWEIGHT LOAD.

1. Any person driving any vehicle, object or contrivance upon any highway or highway structure shall be liable for all damage which the highway or structure may sustain as a result of any illegal operation, driving or moving of the vehicle, object or contrivance, or as a result of operating, driving or moving any vehicle, object or contrivance weighing in excess of the maximum weight of this article but authorized by a special permit issued as provided in section 16-113.
   
   
2. When the driver is not the owner of the vehicle, object or contrivance, but is so operating, driving or moving the same with the express or implied permission of the owner, then the owner and driver shall be jointly and severally liable for any damage.
   
   
3. Such damage maybe recovered in a civil action brought by the council.

Sec. 16-104. WIDTH OF